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Test Management

9. Risk based testing – II

for risk-based testing. Part Two We are going to talk about approaches for risk-based testing. So let's start with approaches for risk-based testing techniques. Most of the time, the following approaches can be considered for risk-based testing techniques. informal approach where analysis of risk during exploratory testing is being done. It is applicable to a patch or quick-fix test. formal, lightweight approach in PAN and PRISMA. They are applicable to agile methodology. Of course, we are going to learn in detail about all these particular terms and things. Formal heavyweight approach, hazard analysis, cost of exposure, FMEA, QFD, FTA This is applicable to safety- and mission-critical projects like space ones, etc. Let's talk about informal approaches as a first point here. The analysis of risk occurs via any random method of testing. It is more concerned with finding flaws than with overall impact. It does not consider stakeholder inputs dependent on the skills, experience, and preferences of an individual test. Because it's totally informal, there is no documentation available. It does not achieve the full benefit of risk-based testing, which is understood. The second one is a formal, lightweight approach. Examples of this kind of approach are pragmatic risk analysis and management, which is prem, and product risk management, which is prisma. Lightweight techniques use only two factors: the likelihood of risk and the impact of risk. They use simple qualitative judgments and skills. So, what are the characteristics of a formal, lightweight approach? It provides flexibility, applicability in a range of domains, and accessibility across teams of all experience and skill levels. It blends the responsiveness and flexibility of informal approaches with the power and consensus-building of more formal approaches. It evolves over time based on industry experience with risk-based testing. Extensive involvement of cross-functional stakeholders during initial risk identification and assessment is needed for this kind of approach. continuous optimization when the options to mitigate risks are maximized. It minimises risks when the results of risk analysis help to influence the specification and implementation of a product. The generated output from this approach, like risk metrics or a risk analysis table, is being used as the basis for the test plan, test conditions, and all subsequent test management and analysis activities. It supports reporting of test results in termsof residual risk to all levels of stakeholders. So, what is the involvement of stakeholders when we are talking about a formal, lightweight approach for risk-based testing? Many of these techniques use processes of risk identification and assessment as a way to create consensus among stakeholders on a test approach. It's a powerful and beneficial technique. It necessitates the availability of stakeholders as well as their participation in group brainstorming, discussion, and one-on-one interviews. The person leading quality risk analysis must work creatively and positively with stakeholders to generate the best possible degree of achievement. And the third approach is a formal heavyweight approach. An extensive analytical process to identify the hazards underlying each risk and the cost of exposure are examples of the same or hazard analysis. Risk assessment is done based on three factors, like the likelihood of a failure related to the risk item. The cost of a loss associated with a typical failure related to the risk item should occur in production, as should the cost of testing for such failures. The third one is FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis). Quality risks, their potential causes, and their likely effects are identified here. Severity, priority, and detection ratings are assigned. QFT, that is, quality function deployment, is concerned with quality risks that arise from an incorrect or insufficient understanding of the customer's or user's requirements. Finally, there is the FTA (fault tree analysis) root cause analysis of observed and potential failures in the following manner analysis of defects causing the failure. Errors or defects cause those defects to continue until the various root causes are identified. Stakeholder involvement in this kind of approach is successful. Risk-based testing techniques critically depend on the right team of stakeholders. Two types of stakeholders, one a business stakeholder, and two technical stakeholders, are needed for this kind of approach. Who are business stakeholders? those who understand risk from a business perspective. That includes customers, users, operations staff, a help desk, and technical support staff. Who are the technical stakeholders? Those who understand the underlying risk of software failure In technical terms, it includes developers, architects, database administrators, and network administrators. Some stakeholders have both a business and a technical perspective. For example, subject matter experts who are in testing or business analysis roles often have a broader view of the risks due to their technical and business expertise. Consensus on rating of risk itemsidentified from all stakeholders is required. For example, in lightweight approaches that use likelihood and impact as the rating factors, Part of the process must include finding a common ranking scheme for likelihood and impact. Good stakeholder engagement can result in long-term benefits, like on unspecified projects with weak or missing requirements. The stakeholders can still identify risk when guided by the proper checklist. For long-term implementation of risk-based testing, the test manager must successfully advocate and initiate risk-based testing with the stakeholders. He should understand the stakeholder's needs, expectations, and time availability to participate in the process. He sets process improvement goals for the success of risk-based testing. Test closure for risk-based Testing the success of risk-based testing techniques can be measured by answering the following questions through metrics and consultation weighting. And the questions are: Did the test team detect a greater percentage of important defects than a lesser percentage of important defects? Did the testing find most of the important defects early in the test execution period? Was the test team able to explain the test results to stakeholders in terms of risk? Did the test team that skipped have a lower level of associated risk than those who executed? So all these questions, when answered from the test team, give an idea of what the success ratio of the risk-based testing technique is for this particular part. Let's move to the third part of risk-based testing.

10. RIsk based Testing – III

As a final part of risk-based testing, let's try to understand what the other techniques are for test selection and how the test process continues. So, when it comes to other techniques for test selection, the first one requires requirement-based testing. It's a prominent alternative technique for developing and prioritising test conditions. Ambiguity: identify and eliminate ambiguities in the requirements, often by using a checklist of common requirementsdefects A close reading of the requirements specification is required for Pace Condition Analysis to identify the test conditions to cover. if those requirements have an assigned priority. This can be used to allocate funds and prioritise the test cases. In the absence of an assigned priority, it is difficult to determine the appropriate effort and order of testing without blending requirement-based testing. With risk-based Testing cause Effect Graphic reduces an extremely large testing problem to a manageable number of test cases and still provides 100% functional coverage of the test business. It identifies gaps in the test business during test case design, which can identify the facts early in the software development life cycle when test design is started against the draught requirements. A common impediment to this method is that requirements and specifications are frequently ambiguous, incomplete, or nonexistent. The second one is a model-based approach. It utilises a mix of use cases, users, inputs, and outputs so as to accurately depict the real-world use of the system. It allows testing not only of functionality but also of usability, interoperability, reliability, security, and performance. during test analysis and planning. The test team identifies the usage profiles and attempts to cover them with test cases. The usage profile is an estimate based on available information about realistic usage of the software. If enough information and stakeholder input is available, the model will be adequate. The third one is a methodical approach. This approach follows checklists to determine what to taste, how much, and in what order for a very stable product. A checklist of major functional and non-functional areas to test combined with a repository of existing test cases can be sufficient. The checklist provides heuristics for resource allocation and tip sequencing, which are typically based on the types and amounts of changes that have occurred. Such approaches tend to become less valid when used to test more than minor changes. The fourth one is reactive. Approach. Very few test analysis, design, or implementation tasks occur prior to test execution. For this kind of approach, the test team is focused on reacting to the product as it actually delivers work. Clusters, as discovered, become the focus of further testing. Prioritization and allocations are completely dynamic. It can work as a complement to other approaches. When employed exclusively, the reactive approach tends to miss major areas of the application that are important but not suffering from a large number of bugs. Let's talk about taste, prioritization, and affordances. allocation in the test process. The Test Technique Plan must be incorporated into projects and test processes based on the risks, requirements, and usage profiles. Test planning and control should be evolved and responded to. For example, in a sequential life cycle, the testing team allocates test effort and initially prioritises tests during the requirements phase, with periodic adjustments for iterative or agile life cycles. It requires an "iteration by iteration" approach. So let's talk about each phase of the test process and how test prioritisation and affordance allocation are being done for that particular phase. So the first one is test analysis, design, and implementation. Here, allocation and prioritisation are determined during test planning and must be applied for careful analysis and modelling to occur. It's a common breakdown in the test process. The breakdown typically occurs during design and implementation. Then it comes to test execution. For test execution, updated prioritisation based on information gained and determined during test planning should be carried out when evaluating and reporting the test results and exit criteria status. The test manager must also evaluate the report in terms of risks, requirements, usage profiles, checklists, and other guides used to select and prioritise test drives that should occur based on the test prioritisation scheme. Let's talk about reporting and exit criteria evaluation. The test manager should measure the degree to which testing is complete by tracing test cases and discovered defects back to relevant test bases. Test reporting should address risks covered and still open as well as benefits achieved and not yet achieved. And finally, the closer test manager should evaluate metrics and success criteria that are pertinent to the needs and expectations of the testing stakeholders, users, and customers in terms of quality. So that was all about risk-based testing. Let's move on to the next topic for taste management.

11. Test documentation and other work products - Part 1

So let's talk about test documentation and other work products. Test policies are common types of management documents found in organisations and projects. Which describes the organization's objectives andgoals for testing test Strategy. which describes the organization's general project-dependent methods for testing its master test plan or project test plan. which describes the implementation of a specific project's test strategy, and level test plan or phase test plan, which describes the specific activities to be carried out within each test level. The content and physical arrangement of the abovementioned documents vary from organisation to organization. Let's talk about test policy. First of all, what is "test policy"? Test policy defines the overall objective of testing that the organisation wants to achieve. It should be developed by senior test management staff in collaboration with senior managers for the testing stakeholders group. Test policy might be complementary to our component of quality policy. Quality policy describes the overall values and goals of management related to quality. Test Policy is a short, high level documentthat summarises the value that the organisation derivesfrom testing that defines the objectives of testing,such as building confidence in the software, detectingdefects in the software and reducing the levelof quality risk, which describes how to evaluatethe effectiveness and efficiency of testing. In meeting these objectives, the test policy outlines the typical test process that specifies how the organisation will improve its test processes, and it references internal and external standards for the testing workproducts. On number two, it's about test strategy. Test Strategy describes organizationsgeneral test methodology. It includes how testing is used to manage products and project risks, how testing is being divided into levels, and what high-level activities are associated with testing. The same organisation may have different strategies for different situations, such as different software development cycles, different levels of risk, etc. The test strategy and the processes and activities describedin it should be consistent with the Test Policy. It should provide generic test entry and exit criteria for the organisation of one or more programs. The test strategy may describe the tests to be carried out. In such cases, it should give guidance on the entry and exit criteria for each level and the relationships among the labels because ultimately, for this particular situation, it describes what the test labels are going to be carried out.Integration procedures, test specification techniques, testing independence, which may vary depending on level to level mandatory and optional standards, test environments, test automation, test tools, the reusability of software work products, and test work products are all examples of test strategy factors. Confirmation testing and regression testing test control and reporting test measurements and metrics, defect management, and a configuration management approach for testware roles and responsibilities Different test strategies for the short term and the long term might be necessary. Different test strategies are suitablefor different organisations and projects. For example, where security or safety-critical applications are involved, a more intensive strategy might be more appropriate than in any other cases. Test strategy describes the general methodology of testing, like analytic strategy analytical strategies such as risk-based testing, where the test team analyses the test basis to identify the test conditions to cover. For example, in requirements-based testing, test analysis derives test conditions from the requirements. Tests are then designed and implemented to cover those conditions. The tests are subsequently executed. Test results are reported in terms ofrequirements status, requirement tested and passed requirementtested and failed requirement not yet fullytested requirement testing block, etc. Model-based strategy such as operational profiling, where the test team develops a model based on actual or anticipated situations of the environment in which the system exists, the inputs and conditions to which the system is subjected, and how the system should behave, For example, in model-based performance testing of a fast-growing mobile device application, one might develop models of incoming and outgoing network traffic, active and inactive users, resulting in processing loads based on current usage and future growth over time. In addition, models might be developed considering the current production environment, hardware, software, data, capacity, network, and infrastructure. Models may also be developed for ideal, expected, and minimum rates, response time, and resource allocation. The other is methodical testing, which uses a predetermined set of test conditions such as a quality standard as per any quality standard design like is $25,000, a checklist, or a collection of generalised logical test conditions that may relate to a particular domain, application, or type of testing. So when it comes to these methodical strategies, as I said, the test team uses a predetermined set of test conditions. The testing then uses that set of test conditions from one iteration to the next or from one release to the next. For example, in maintenance testing of a simple, stable ecommerce website, testers might use a checklist that identifies the key functions, attributes, and links for each page. They will cover the relevant elements of this checklist each time a modification is made to the particular ecommerce website. When it comes to process or standard compliance strategies such as medical systems subject to US Food and Drug Administration standards, the testing follows a set of processes defined by a standards committee or other panel of experts where the processes address documentation, the proper identification and use of the test basis and testoracle, and the organisation of the testing. For example, in projects following scrum agile management techniques, testers analyse user stories that describe particular features and estimate the test cases for each feature as part of the planning process for the iteration. Identify a test condition for each user story, execute tests that cover those conditions, and report the status of each user story during test execution. Then come reactive strategies such as using defect-based attacks, where the test team waits to design and implement tests until the software is received and then reacts to the actual system under test. For example, when using exploratory testing on a menu-based application, a set of test charters corresponding to the features, menu selection, and screens might be developed. Each tester is assigned a set of test charters, which they then use to structure their exploratory testing sessions. Testers periodically report the results of the testing sessions to the test manager, who may revise the charters based on the findings. Then come consultative strategies such as user-directed testing, where the test team relies on the input of one or more key stakeholders to determine the test conditions to cover. For example, in order to outsource compatibility testing for a rate-based application, a company may provide a prioritised list of browser versions, non-Malware software operating systems, connection types, and other configuration options to the outsource testing service provider. The testing service provider can then use techniques such as pairwise testing and equivalent partitioning to generate the test. Then it comes to regression hours testing strategies such as extensive automation, where the test team uses various techniques to manage the risk of regression, especially functional and non-functional regression testing automation at one or more test levels. For example, in integration testing a web-based application, testers can use a GI-based test automation tool to automate the typical and exceptional use cases for the application. Those tests are then executed anytime the application is modified. Then the third thing about this documentation is the master test plan that covers all the testing work to be done on a particular project. It includes all the test levels to be carried out and the relationships between those test levels. It should discuss the test approach. It should complement the project plan or operation guide where testing efforts are described as part of a larger project or operation. It should be consistent with taste policy and strategy. It identifies specific areas in test policy and strategy where division exists, as well as the impact of those divisions. So must the test plan, for example, if it is an organization's test strategy to conduct one complete pass of regression testing on an unchanging system immediately prior to release, but the current project will have no regression testing. The test plan should explain why this is planned and what will be done to mitigate any risk due to these variants from the usual strategy. To keep regression testing going, it may be necessary to schedule a maintenance release one month after the initial project release documentation of any other activity that is not directly related to testing but has an impact on it. The master test plan includes the following topic items to be tested and not tested: quality characteristics to be tested and not tested, testing schedule, and budget. Test execution cycles and their relationship to the software release plan relationships and deliverables among testing and other people or departments Definition of what test items are in scope and out of scope for each level's specific entry and exit criteria test project risks overall governanceof the testing of what responsibility for executing eachof the test levels inputs to an output fromeach of the test levels. The fourth one is a label test plan that describes specific activities to be carried out for each test level and provides schedule and milestone details. It includes different standards and templates applicable to the specifications of these at different levels. For Agile projects, a sprint or iteration plan may take the place of a test plan.

12. Test documentation and other work products - Part 2

You might be wondering why it's again about test documentation and other work products. The topic itself is so vast and lengthy that I had to divide it into two different sections or recordings. In the first section, we talked about test policies, test strategies, a "must test plan," label test plan," etc. Now it comes to risk management and other work products for test documentation work product.So let's talk about project risk management. Identified project risks should be communicated and acted upon by the project manager. Below mentioned project risk can bemitigated by test managers successfully whichare test environment and tools readiness. test of availability and qualification. lack of standards. Rules and techniques for the testing effort approachesto project risk management include preparing the testwhere earlier retesting of test environments testing of early versions of the product, applying tougher entry criteria to testing, and enforcing requirements for disability Participating in reviews of early project work products Participating in change management Monitoring the overall project progress and quality, options to manage the identified and analysed risks are Reduce the risk by taking preventive measures to reduce the likelihood and/or impact of the risk; developing a contingency plan to reduce the impact if the risk becomes a reality; and transferring the risk to another party to handle. Ignore or accept the risk. The selection of a risk management option depends on the benefits and opportunities created by the option and any additional risk associated with that particular option andlast is about other test work products.Examples of other test work products are defect reports, test case documents, test logs, test result reports, etc. What are activities help the test manager to maintainconsistency and quality of other test work products. They are establishing and monitoring metrics that monitor the quality of these work products, such as the percentage of rejected defect reports, and working with the test analysis and technical test analysis to select and customise appropriate templates for these work products. Working with the test analysis and technical test analysis to establish standards for this work product, such as the degree of detail necessary in these logs and reports, and reviewing the work products using the appropriate techniques and with the appropriate participants and stakeholders, The tools and software development can have an impact on the type and specificity of this documentation. Lifecycle. applicable standards and regulations. the product quality and project risks associated with the particular system being developed. There are various sources for templates for testing work products. One of it is it tailoring of same isrequired to match with the expectations of organization. So that's it about this documentation and management. We are moving to the next topic. Thank you.

13. Testing Estimations

So let's talk about test estimations, what they are, how the test estimation works, and relevant information about the estimates.I mean the test estimations that represent the collective wisdom of experience as gathered by the practitioner and have the support of the participants involved. The test estimation provides specific detailed catalogsof the course, resources, tasks and peopleinvolved it present for each activity estimatedthe most likely cost, effort and duration. Test estimation is the application of best practises to the testing activities associated with a project or operation. Assumptions made during estimation should always be documented as part of the estimation factors considered while testing estimation required level of quality of the system size of the system to be tested, historical data from testing for previous test projects, which may be supplemented with industry data or benchmark data from other organizations, process factors such as the test strategy development or maintenance life cycle and process maturity, and the accuracy of the test strategy Test environment, test data development environment, project documentation, and reusable test work products assimilation or development of new tools. Technology processes. Techniques. The data that is time-sensitive involves many people factors, including managers and technical leaders executive and senior management commitment and expectations. Experience and attitudes in the project teams tability of the project team project teamrelationships test and debugging environment support, availability of skilled contractors and consultants, and domain knowledge complexity of the process technology organisation number of testing stakeholders composition and location of software require significant ramp-up training and orientation to meet requirements for a high degree of detailed test specification. Especially to comply with an unfamiliar standardof documentation complex timing of component arrivals especially for integration. What are the estimation techniques for testing and test development quality of software delivered for testing? Estimation can be done either bottom up or topdown technique singlely or in combination used for estimationRs below inclusion gases and past experience of course. This is the common technique that is being used for taste estimation in most organisations when it comes to work breakdown structures where the work is broken down into smaller pieces, the details are understood, and after that the estimations are given. Team estimation sessions Company standards and norms percentages of the overall project budget or staffing levels organisational history and metrics, including metrics-derived models that estimate the number of defects. The number of test cycles is the number of test cases. Each test's average effort and the number of recursion cycles involved industry averages and predictive models such as function points. Lines of code estimated by the developer of what or other project parameters Some facts about test estimations The final test estimate represents the best possible balance of organisational and project goals in the areas of quality. Schedule. budget and features. Estimates are based on the information available at a particular time early in the project. When information is limited, estimates might be different; also, information at an early stage might change with time. And so the course estimate should be updated on the basis of the latest information to remain accurate always.So that's all about testimony.

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