CISSP Practice Questions: Software Development Security
Date: Nov 8, 2012
The Software Development Security domain is concerned with the security controls used by applications during their design, development, and use. Individuals studying this domain should understand the security and controls of application security, which includes the systems development process, application controls, and knowledge-based systems. Test candidates should also understand the concepts used to ensure data and application integrity. The following list gives you some specific areas of knowledge to be familiar with for the CISSP exam:
- SDLC (software development life cycle)
- Change (life cycle) management
- Database security
- Artificial Intelligence systems
- Mobile code
- Malware, viruses, and worms
Practice Questions
- Which of the following is not a valid database management system model?
A.
The hierarchical database management system
B.
The structured database management system
C.
The network database management system
D.
The relational database management system
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- During which stage of the software development life cycle should security be implemented?
A.
Development
B.
Project initiation
C.
Deployment
D.
Installation
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- In which software development life cycle phase do the programmers and developers become deeply involved and do the majority of the work?
A.
System Design Specifications
B.
Software Development
C.
Operation and Maintenance
D.
Functional Design Analysis and Planning
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- In the software development life cycle, what is used to maintain changes to development or production?
A.
Certification
B.
Audit control team
C.
Manufacturing review board
D.
Change control
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- What is the most-used type of database management system?
A.
The hierarchical database management system
B.
The structured database management system
C.
The network database management system
D.
The relational database management system
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Place the software development life cycle phases in the proper order.
A.
Initiation, software development, functional design analysis, operation, installation, disposal
B.
Initiation, software development, functional design analysis, installation, operation, disposal
C.
Initiation, functional design analysis, software development, installation, operation, disposal
D.
Initiation, functional design analysis, software development, operation, installation, disposal
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Which of the following statements about Java applets is correct?
A.
They are downloaded from a server.
B.
They are not restricted in computer memory.
C.
They are run from the browser.
D.
They are executed by your system.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Which of the following is a valid system development methodology?
A.
The spring model
B.
The spiral model
C.
The production model
D.
The Gantt model
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Which of the following best describes the Waterfall model?
A.
The Waterfall model states that development is built one stage at a time, at which point the results flow to the next stage.
B.
The Waterfall model states that development should progress in a parallel fashion, with a strong change control process being used to validate the process.
C.
The Waterfall model states that the development process proceeds in a series of discrete steps, each completed before proceeding to the next.
D.
The Waterfall model states that all the various phases of software development should proceed at the same time.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Your friend is trying to learn more about databases and their structure. She wants to know what a tuple is.
A.
A description of the structure of the database
B.
A “row” in a relational database that might be viewed as being similar to a “record” in a flat file
C.
An ordered set of values within a row in the database table
D.
Something that uniquely identifies each row in a table
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Which of the software development life cycle phases is the point at which new systems need to be configured and steps need to be taken to make sure that security features are being used in the intended way?
A.
System Design Specifications
B.
Operation and Maintenance
C.
Functional Design Analysis and Planning
D.
Installation and Implementation
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 260
- Your CISSP study group has asked you to research information about databases. Specifically, they want you to describe what metadata is. What is your response?
A.
Metadata is data that describes data.
B.
Metadata is the data used in knowledge-based systems.
C.
Metadata is used for fraud detection.
D.
Metadata is the data used for metadictionaries.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Jamie, your assistant, is taking some classes on database controls and security features. She wants to know what aggregation is. How will you answer her?
A.
It is the process of combining data into large groups that can be used for data mining.
B.
It is the process of combining security privileges to gain access to objects that would normally be beyond your level of rights.
C.
It is the process of combining items of low sensitivity to produce an item of high sensitivity.
D.
It is the process of combining several databases to view a virtual table.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- What term describes users’ ability to infer or deduce information about data at sensitivity levels for which they do not have access privileges or rights?
A.
Views
B.
Inference
C.
Channeled view
D.
Presumption
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which of the following best describes a database schema?
A.
The structure of the database
A.
The capability of different versions of the same information to exist at different classification levels within the database
A.
An ordered set of values within a row in the database table
A.
Something that uniquely identifies each row in a table
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which type of malware is considered self-replicating?
A.
Boot sector
A.
Meme virus
A.
Script virus
A.
Worm
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Ashwin is building your company’s new data warehouse. In a meeting, he said, “Data in the data warehouse needs to be normalized.” What does this mean?
A.
Data is divided by a common value.
A.
Data is restricted to a range of values.
A.
Data is averaged.
A.
Redundant data is removed.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which of the following best describes the term “data dictionary”?
A.
A dictionary for programmers
B.
A database of databases
C.
A virtual table of the rows and tables from two or more combined databases
D.
A dictionary used within a database
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which of the following best describes data mining?
A.
The use of data to analyze trends and support strategic decisions
B.
The use of data to determine how the information was collected and formatted
C.
The process of querying databases for metadata
D.
The process of adjusting the granularity of a database search
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Jerry has top-secret access to a database and can see that the USS Yorktown has left for Iraq. Ted has only public access to the same database. He can see that the ship has left port. However, the record shows that it is bound for Spain. What is this called?
A.
Polyinstantiation
B.
Tuple
C.
Schema
D.
Knowledgebase system
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which of the software development life cycle phases is the point at which a project plan is developed, test schedules are assigned, and expectations of the product are outlined?
A.
Software Development
B.
Functional Design Analysis and Planning
C.
Project Initiation
D.
System Design Specifications
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Data checks and validity checks are examples of what type of application controls?
A.
Preventive
B.
Constructive
C.
Detective
D.
Corrective
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which of the following is not a valid form of application control?
A.
Preventive
B.
Constructive
C.
Detective
D.
Corrective
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- What document guarantees the quality of a service to a subscriber by a network service provider, setting standards on response times, available bandwidth, and system up times?
A.
Service-level agreement
B.
Service agreement
C.
Business continuity agreement
D.
Business provider agreement
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Which of the following is not one of the three main components of a SQL database?
A.
Views
B.
Schemas
C.
Tables
D.
Object-oriented interfaces
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Cyclic redundancy checks, structured walk-throughs, and hash totals are examples of what type of application controls?
A.
Detective
B.
Preventive
C.
Error checking
D.
Parity
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 261
- Christine has been alerted by her IDS that a web server on her network was attacked. While examining a trace of the ICMP traffic, she noticed that the attacker’s packets were addressed to the network broadcast address and were spoofed to be from her web server. What type of attack has she been subjected to?
A.
Smurf
B.
LAND
C.
Fraggle
D.
SYN flood
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Which of the following best describes the OS protection mechanism that mediates all access that subjects have to objects to ensure that the subjects have the necessary rights to access the objects?
A.
Accountability control
B.
Reference monitor
C.
Security kernel
D.
Security perimeter
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Which of the following describes mobile code?
A.
Code that can be used on a handheld device
B.
Code that can be used on several different platforms, such as Windows, Mac, and Linux
C.
Code that can be executed within a network browser
D.
A script that can be executed within an Office document
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Black Hat Bob has just attacked Widget, Inc.’s network. Although the attack he perpetrated did not give him access to the company’s network, it did prevent legitimate users from gaining access to network resources. What type of attack did he launch?
A.
Spoofing
B.
TOC/TOU
C.
ICMP redirect
D.
DoS
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Java-enabled web browsers allow Java code to be embedded in a web page, downloaded across the Net, and run on a local computer. This makes the security of the local computer a big concern. With this in mind, how does the Java runtime system ensure secure execution of the Java code?
A.
Digital certificates
B.
Sandbox
C.
Applet boundaries
D.
Defense-in-depth
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Chandra wants to learn more about the Software Capability Maturity Model. Help her put the five levels of this model in the proper order, from 1 to 5.
A.
Initiating, defined, repeatable, optimizing, managed
B.
Initiating, defined, repeatable, managed, optimizing
C.
Initiating, repeatable, defined, managed, optimizing
D.
Initiating, repeatable, defined, optimizing, managed
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Which of the following Software CMM levels is the step at which project management processes and practices are institutionalized and locked into place by policies, procedures, and guidelines?
A.
Defined
B.
Repeatable
C.
Initiating
D.
Managed
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Which of the following technologies establishes a trust relationship between the client and the server by using digital certificates to guarantee that the server is trusted?
A.
ActiveX
B.
Java
C.
Proxy
D.
Agent
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- What is the process of cataloging all versions of a component configuration called?
A.
The configuration library
B.
The component library
C.
The catalog database
D.
The software component library
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Which of the following best describes a covert storage channel?
A.
It is a communication channel that violates normal communication channels.
B.
It is a storage process that writes to storage in an unauthorized manner that typically is undetectable and written through an unsecure channel.
C.
It is a communication path that allows two processes to access the same storage and allows the contents to be read through a separate, less-secure channel.
D.
It is a storage process that requires the application of a root kit.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Which of the following is not one of the three ways in which inference can be achieved?
A.
Preventive
B.
Deductive
C.
Abductive
D.
Statistical
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 262
- Raj has been studying database security features. He reads that two control policies are used to protect relational databases. He remembers that one is MAC, but he has forgotten the second one. Which one is it?
A.
PAC
B.
DAC
C.
SAC
D.
RBAC
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Boyd just downloaded a game from a peer-to-peer network. Although the game seemed to install OK, his computer now is acting strangely. The mouse cursor moves by itself, URLs are opening on their own, and his web camera keeps turning itself on. What has happened?
A.
A logic bomb was installed.
B.
A RAT (Remote-Access Trojan) was installed.
C.
A DDoS client was installed.
D.
An email virus was installed.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- What is the goal of CRM?
A.
To learn the behavior and buying habits of your customers
B.
To search for recurrences in data that can aid in making predictions about future events
C.
To uncover events that are interconnected
D.
To hunt for instances of events that are followed up by other events after a certain period
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- What technology is based on the methods by which the human brain is believed to work?
A.
Neutron networks
B.
Fuzzy logic
C.
Neuron networks
D.
Neural technology
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Now that your organization is preparing to retire its mainframe systems, you are asked to look at a distributed system as the replacement. What five requirements should a distributed system meet?
A.
Interoperability, scalability, transparency, extensibility, control
B.
Interoperability, portability, transparency, extensibility, security
C.
Interoperability, portability, transparency, extensibility, control
D.
Interoperability, scalability, transparency, extensibility, security
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- George receives an email that did not come from the individual listed in the email. What is the process of changing email message names to look as though they came from someone else?
A.
Spoofing
B.
Masquerading
C.
Relaying
D.
Redirecting
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Raj is still studying database design and security. Can you tell him what cardinality means?
A.
The number of rows in a relation
B.
The number of fields in a relation
C.
The number of attributes in a field
D.
The number of attributes in a relation
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Wes asks you to help him prepare a practice test for your CISSP study group. Can you tell him which of the following relationships is incorrect?
A.
Relation = table
B.
Record = attribute
C.
Tuple = row
D.
Attribute = column
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Joey has been reading about databases and application security. He has asked you to define perturbation for him. Which of the following offers the best answer?
A.
It is used to protect against polyinstantiation.
B.
It is a tool used to prevent aggregation.
C.
It is a tool used to aid in data mining.
D.
It is a tool used to fight inference attacks.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- SubSeven and NetBus typically are placed in which of the following categories?
A.
Virus
B.
Trapdoor
C.
Backdoor
D.
Malware
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Jennifer’s network has been hit by the following attack pattern: The attacker made many connection attempts to FTP. Each time, the handshake was not completed, and the source addresses were spoofed. The result was that legitimate users could not FTP to that computer. Which type of attack does this attack pattern match?
A.
ACK attack
B.
Teardrop
C.
Fraggle
D.
SYN flood
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- What is the point in the software development life cycle phase at which information may need to be archived or discarded and a team may be assembled to examine ways to improve subsequent iterations of this or other products?
A.
Revision and Replacement
B.
Functional Design Analysis and Planning
C.
Disposal and Postmortem Review
D.
System Design Specifications
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 263
- Which type of virus can spread by multiple methods?
A.
Multipartite
B.
Polymorphic
C.
Double partite
D.
Prolific
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- Polyinstantiation is a solution used by which of the following to remedy multiparty update conflicts?
A.
Database locking
B.
SODA
C.
GREP
D.
Belief-based model
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- The following security labels exist on a network operating in a multilevel security mode:
Label
Jack
John
File A
File B
File C
File D
Sensitivity
Top-Secret
Secret
Secret
Secret
Top-Secret
Top-Secret
Categories
North
East
East
East
East
North
South
West
West
West
East
West
Jack edits file B and file C simultaneously and then saves both. Which files can John now access?
A.
Files A, B, C, and D
B.
Files A, B, and C
C.
Files A and B
D.
File A
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- Which generation of code development is most likely to focus on constraints?
A.
Generation 5
B.
Generation 4
C.
Generation 3
D.
Generation 2
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- The network administrator has been analyzing network reports and is convinced that the network has been the victim of a SYN flooding DoS attack. What evidence might have been discovered that would support this conclusion?
A.
Customers reporting that their connection requests were rerouted to a malicious web server
B.
The web server crashing with each request
C.
Excessive traffic on the front-end load-balancing servers
D.
IDS logs of incoming malformed packets
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- Which language, when used for development of your company’s front-end application, results in a program that is least likely to have vulnerable code?
A.
Machine code
B.
Assembler code
C.
C code
D.
SQL code
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- In your corporation, it is critical that the metadata surrounding business data be revealed to only the proper authorities, even though all employees require access to the business data. Access to the metadata is being controlled through the use of views so that only the appropriate authorities have deeper access. What is this technique called?
A.
Encapsulation
B.
Polymorphism
C.
Instantiation
C.
Abstraction
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- To prevent covert channels via race conditions, it is critical that software modules be able to execute independently of each other. What is this called?
A.
Low coupling and low cohesion
B.
Low coupling and high cohesion
C.
High coupling and low cohesion
D.
High coupling and high cohesion
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- Expert systems use forward and reverse chaining that is based on what?
A.
The inference engine
B.
Certainty factors
C.
The rulebase
D.
Neural structures
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- What is the most common problem related to audit logs?
A.
Audit logs can be examined only by auditors.
B.
Audit logs use parsing tools that distort the true record of events.
C.
Audit logs are not backed up.
D.
Audit logs are collected but not analyzed.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 264
- When you’re dealing with mobile code and wireless devices, many security issues can arise. For example, when you’re working with wireless devices that are using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), which of the following is the primary security concern?
A.
WAP is not a secure protocol.
B.
The web server that the wireless device is communicating with via SSL may have vulnerabilities.
C.
The wireless device may have vulnerabilities in its OS.
D.
The WAP gateway can be targeted by attackers.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- Which generation(s) of code is/are most likely to focus on the logic of the algorithms?
A.
Generation 5
B.
Generations 2, 3, and 4
C.
Generations 1 and 2
D.
Generations 1 and 5
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- Which type of database combines related records and fields into a logical tree structure?
A.
Relational
B.
Hierarchical
C.
Object-oriented
D.
Network
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- What type of database is unique because it can have multiple records that can be either parent or child?
A.
Relational
B.
Hierarchical
C.
Object-oriented
D.
Network
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- Your colleague wants to know when the best point within the software development life cycle (SDLC) is to create a list of potential security issues. What do you tell her?
A.
Feasibility
B.
Development
C.
Design
D.
Requirements
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- Which of the following are correct?
I.
The object linking and embedding database (OLE DB) is a replacement for open database connectivity (ODBC).
II.
ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is an API that allows applications to access back-end database systems.
III.
Java Database Connectivity is a markup standard that is self-defining and provides a lot of flexibility in how data within the database is presented.
IV.
The data definition language (DDL) defines the structure and schema of the database.
A.
I and IV
B.
II, III, and IV
C.
I, II, III, and IV
D.
I, II, and IV
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- How can referential integrity best be defined?
A.
Structural and semantic rules are enforced.
B.
Semantic rules are enforced.
C.
Structural rules are enforced.
D.
All foreign keys reference existing primary keys.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- Lenny is trying to determine how much money a new employee makes. His job in HR allows him to see total payroll by department but not by person. The individual he is curious about just started a month ago, so Lenny simply compares that department’s previous month’s total salary to the current month’s total salary. What has Lenny just done?
A.
Enumeration
B.
An inference attack
C.
Polyinstantiation
D.
Online transaction processing (OLTP)
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- While browsing the company directory, you notice that your address is incorrect. To rectify the situation, you decide to modify the database that holds this information. Although the change seems to work, you notice later that the information has reverted to the previous, incorrect information. What do you believe is the source of the problem?
A.
The user does not have modification rights.
B.
The schema does not allow changes from the user’s machine.
C.
Someone in personnel has put a lock on the cell.
D.
Replication integrity is inaccurate due to mismatched times.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 265
- Knowledge discovery is also known as what?
A.
Data warehousing
B.
Metadata
C.
Data mining
D.
Atomicity
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Which of the following statements are true?
I.
Data definition language (DDL) allows users to make requests of the database.
II.
Data manipulation language (DML) maintains the commands that enable a user to view, manipulate, and use the database.
III.
Query language (QL) defines the structure and schema of the database. The structure could mean the table size, key placement, views, and data element relationship.
IV.
The report generator creates printouts of data in a user-defined manner.
A.
I and II
B.
II and IV
C.
II, III, and IV
D.
I, II, III, and IV
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Jim’s new job at the headquarters of a major grocery store has him examining buyer trends. He uses the database to find a relationship between beer and diapers. He discovers that men over 20 are the primary buyers of these two items together after 10 p.m. What best describes Jim’s actions?
A.
Data warehousing
B.
Metadata
C.
Data mining
D.
Atomicity
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Your application developer has created a new module for a customer-tracking system. This module will result in greater productivity. The application has been examined and tested by a second person in the development group. A summary of the test shows no problems. Based on the results, which of the following is not a recommended best practice?
A.
The new code should be passed to quality assurance personnel so that they can certify the application.
B.
The application should be placed into operations and implemented.
C.
An accrediting official should wait for the results of certification.
D.
All changes must be logged in the change management database (CMDB).
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Which of the following describes verification and validation?
A.
Verification verifies that the product meets specifications. Validation is the completion of the certification and accreditation process.
B.
Verification measures how well the program or application solves a real-world problem. Validation verifies that the product meets specifications.
C.
Verification verifies that the product meets specifications. Validation measures how well the program or application solves a real-world problem.
D.
Verification verifies that the program or application meets certification requirements. Validation verifies that the product received accreditation.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- You are assigned to modify an application to address a specific problem with the current release of the program. When the change is complete, you notice that other modules that should not have been affected appear to be nonfunctional. What do you believe is the cause?
A.
The module has low cohesion.
B.
The module has high cohesion.
C.
The module is tightly coupled.
D.
The module is loosely coupled.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Jake has become concerned that a citizen programmer in the group has developed code for others in the department. What should be your primary concern?
A.
That the programs are tested by others in the department
B.
That the programs have not been certified and verified
C.
That a copy of the code is held in a library
D.
That the code is adequately commented
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Which of the following statements is most correct?
A.
Relational database parents can have only one child.
B.
A relational database is designed so that a child can have only one parent.
C.
A hierarchical database is designed so that a parent can have only one child.
D.
A hierarchical database is designed so that a child can have only one parent.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- What level of the capability maturity model features quantitative process improvement?
A.
Managed
B.
Defined
C.
Repeatable
D.
Optimized
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- Your company has just signed a software escrow agreement. Which of the following best describes this document?
A.
An offsite backup
B.
A form of maintenance agreement
C.
A form of insurance
D.
A clustered software service
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 266
- With regard to database operations, canceling a set of changes and restoring the database to its prior state is called what?
A.
Savepoint
B.
Commit
C.
Rollback
D.
Audit point
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- The capability maturity model features five maturity levels that begin with initial. What is the proper order of the remaining four levels?
A.
Repeatable, defined, managed, optimized
B.
Managed, repeatable, defined, optimized
C.
Repeatable, managed, defined, optimized
D.
Defined, optimized, repeatable, managed
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- Data that describes other data is called what?
A.
Metadata
B.
Nonatomic data
C.
Data structure
D.
Transaction processing
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- In which database model do you perceive the database as a set of tables that are composed of rows and columns?
A.
Hierarchical
B.
Network
C.
Relational
D.
Object
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- With a relational database management system, you can constrain what a particular application or user sees by using what?
A.
Schema
B.
Device media control language (DMCL)
C.
Data mine
D.
Database view
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- Security controls must be considered at which phases of the software life cycle?
A.
Design analysis, software development, installation, and implementation
B.
Project initiation, software development, and operation maintenance
C.
Design specifications
D.
All of the above
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- The change control process is structured so that various steps must be completed to verify that no undocumented, unapproved, or untested changes are implemented. Which of the following is the final step?
A.
Configure the hardware properly.
B.
Update documentation and manuals.
C.
Inform users of the change.
D.
Report the change to management.
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- You are asked to develop an advanced program that will interact with users. You are asked to look at knowledge-based systems. As such, expert systems use what type of information to make a decision?
A.
if...then statements
B.
Weighted computations
C.
A process similar to that used by the human brain (reasoning)
D.
Weighted computations based on previous results
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- Which of the following is considered a middleware technology?
A.
Atomicity
B.
OLE
C.
CORBA
D.
Object-oriented programming
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- The CMMI contains how many process areas?
A.
4
B.
5
C.
20
D.
22
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 267
- At which level of the CMM are processes likely to be variable (inconsistent) and depend heavily on institutional knowledge?
A.
Level 1
B.
Level 2
C.
Level 3
D.
Level 4
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- When dealing with expert systems, which of the following are valid methods for reasoning when using inference rules?
I.
Forward chaining
II.
Knowledge transparency
III.
Backward chaining
IV.
Knowledge representation
A.
II
B.
I and III
C.
I and IV
D.
I, II, III, and IV
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Which of the following is a project-development method that uses pairs of programmers who work off of detailed specifications?
A.
Waterfall
B.
Spiral
C.
Extreme
D.
RAD
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Jake is using a commercial program that is free to use without pay with only limited functionality. This is most correctly called what?
A.
Commercial software
B.
Freeware
C.
Shareware
D.
Crippleware
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Which of the following can best be described as byte-code?
A.
Java
B.
Assembly
C.
C language
D.
Fortran
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Which of the following is an example of open vendor-neutral middleware?
A.
OOA
B.
COM
C.
CORBA
D.
OOD
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Which of the following allows objects written with different OOP languages to communicate?
A.
OOA
B.
COM
C.
OOD
D.
CORBA
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
Practice Questions (True or False)
- SQL is an example of a 4GL language.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- 5GL languages are designed to categorize assembly languages.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- The prototyping model is based on the concept that software development is evolutionary.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Reengineering attempts to update software by reusing as many of the components as possible instead of designing an entirely new system. Reverse engineering is a technique that can be used to decrease development time by compiling existing code.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Programmers should strive to develop modules that have high cohesion and low coupling.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) can be used to help define a data dictionary.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Web-based application development (WBAD) is an application development technology that is used with technologies such as Extensible Markup Language (XML).
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 268
- Today, prototyping is rarely used because it costs development time and money.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 269
- Zeroization is as effective as purging.
True
False
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 269
Practice Questions (Mix and Match)
- Match each virus term with its definition.
- Stealth: _____
- Meme: _____
- Macro: _____
- EICAR: _____
- Encrypted virus: _____
- Used by attacks such as “I love you” and Melissa
- Can modify functionality, so detection is very difficult
- Similar to a polymorphic virus but can change how the virus is stored on the disk
- Used to verify the functionality of antivirus software
- Somewhat like a chain letter or pyramid scheme
Quick Answer: 259
Detailed Answer: 269
Quick Check Answer Key
- B
- B
- B
- D
- D
- C
- B
- B
- C
- C
- B
- A
- C
- B
- A
- D
- D
- B
- A
- A
- B
- A
- B
- A
- D
- A
- A
- B
- C
- D
- B
- C
- B
- A
- A
- C
- A
- B
- B
- A
- D
- B
- B
- A
- B
- D
- C
- D
- C
- A
- B
- C
- A
- C
- D
- B
- B
- A
- D
- D
- B
- B
- D
- D
- D
- D
- B
- D
- C
- B
- C
- B
- C
- A
- B
- D
- B
- C
- C
- A
- A
- C
- D
- D
- D
- A
- C
- D
- A
- B
- C
- D
- A
- C
- B
- True
- False
- False
- False
- True
- True
- True
- False
- False
A. 2
B. 5
C. 1
D. 4
E. 3
Answers and Explanations
- Answer: B. The structured database management system model is not a valid type. Four common database types are the hierarchical database management system, the object-oriented database management system, the network database management system, and the relational database management system.
- Answer: B. Security should be implemented at the initiation of a project. When security is added during the project initiation phase, substantial amounts of money can be saved. Because the first phase is the project initiation phase, all other answers are incorrect.
- Answer: B. Software Development is the point in the SDLC at which programmers and developers become deeply involved and provide the majority of the work.
- Answer: D. Change control is used to maintain changes to development or production. Without it, control would become very difficult, because there would be no way to track changes that might affect the product’s functionality or security.
- Answer: D. The relational database management system is the most used type. It is structured such that the columns represent the variables and the rows contain the specific instance of data.
- Answer: C. The complete list of software development life cycle phases is as follows:
Project Initiation
Functional Design Analysis and Planning
System Design Specifications
Software Development
Installation and Implementation
Operation and Maintenance
Disposal
- Answer: B. Java is downloaded from the server, executed by the browser, and run on your system. Java has limits placed on what it can do by means of a sandbox and was originally designed with restrictions on what could be done while loaded in memory. Originally their activities were restricted in memory and could not access certain parts of memory or access files or initiate network connections.
- Answer: B. The spiral model is the only valid software development methodology listed. It was developed in 1988 at TRW.
- Answer: C. The Waterfall model states that the development process proceeds in a series of discrete steps, each completed before proceeding to the next.
- Answer: C. A tuple is an ordered set of values within a row in the database table.
- Answer: B. The Operation and Maintenance phase of the SDLC is the point at which new systems need to be configured and steps need to be taken to make sure that no new vulnerabilities or security compromises take place. It is also at this step that if major changes are made to the system, network, or environment, the certification and accreditation process may need to be repeated.
- Answer: A. Metadata is data about data that is used in data-mining and data-warehouse operations. Metadata is not used in knowledge-based systems, for fraud detection, or for data dictionaries.
- Answer: C. Aggregation is the process of combining items of low sensitivity to produce an item of high sensitivity. It has the potential to be a rather large security risk.
- Answer: B. Inference occurs when users can put together pieces of information at one security level to determine a fact that should be protected at a higher security level.
- Answer: A. The schema is the structure of the database.
- Answer: D. The greatest danger of worms is their capability to self-replicate. Left unchecked, this process can grow in volume to an astronomical amount. For example, a worm could send copies of itself to everyone listed in your email address book, and those recipients’ computers would then do the same.
- Answer: D. Normalization is the process of removing redundant data. It speeds the analysis process. Normalization is not the process of dividing by a common value, restricting to a range of values, or averaging the data.
- Answer: B. A data dictionary contains a list of all database files. It also contains the number of records in each file and each field name and type.
- Answer: A. Data mining is used to analyze trends and support strategic decisions. It enables complicated business processes to be understood and analyzed. This is achieved through the discovery of patterns in the data relating to the past behavior of business processes or subjects. These patterns can be used to improve the performance of a process by exploiting favorable patterns.
- Answer: A. Polyinstantiation allows different versions of the same information to exist at different classification levels within a database. This permits a security model that can have multiple views of the same information, depending on your clearance level.
- Answer: B. The Functional Design Analysis and Planning stage of the SDLC is the point at which a project plan is developed, test schedules are assigned, and expectations of the product are outlined.
- Answer: A. Application controls are used to enforce an organization’s security policy and procedures. Preventive application controls include data checks, validity checks, contingency planning, and backups. Answers C and D are incorrect because they are not controls, and answer B is a distracter.
- Answer: B. The three valid types of application controls are preventive, corrective, and detective.
- Answer: A. A service-level agreement is used to set the standards of service you expect to receive. It includes items such as response times, system utilization rates, the number of online users, available bandwidth, and system up times.
- Answer: D. The three main components of SQL databases are schemas, tables, and views. Object-oriented interfaces are part of object-oriented database management systems.
- Answer: A. Cyclic redundancy checks, structured walk-throughs, and hash totals are all examples of detective application controls. Application controls are used to enforce the organization’s security policy and procedures. They can be preventive, detective, or corrective.
- Answer: A. A smurf attack targets the network broadcast address and spoofs the source address to be from the computer to be attacked. The result is that the network amplifies the attack and floods the local device with the resulting broadcast traffic.
- Answer: B. The reference monitor is the OS component that enforces access control and verifies that the user has the rights and privileges to access the object in question.
- Answer: C. Mobile code is code that can be executed within a network browser. Applets are examples of mobile code. Mobile code is not used on a handheld device, nor is it a script that is executed in an Office document. And although mobile code may run on several different platforms, answer B is an incomplete answer.
- Answer: D. A DoS (denial of service) attack does not give Black Hat Bob access to the network; it does, however, prevent others from gaining legitimate access. Spoofing is the act of pretending to be someone you are not. ICMP redirects can be used to route information to an alternative location. TOC/TOU attacks deal with the change of information between the time it was initially checked and the time it was used.
- Answer: B. The sandbox is a set of security rules that are put in place to prevent Java from having unlimited access to memory and OS resources. It creates an environment in which there are strict limitations on what the Java code can request or do.
- Answer: C. The Software Capability Maturity Model (CMM) was first developed in 1986 and is composed of the following five maturity levels:
Initiating
Repeatable
Defined
Managed
Optimizing
- Answer: B. The Software CMM is composed of five maturity levels. The Repeatable maturity level is the step at which project management processes and practices are institutionalized and locked in place by procedures, protocols, and guidelines.
- Answer: A. ActiveX establishes a trust relationship between the client and server by using digital certificates to guarantee that the server is trusted. The shortcoming of ActiveX is that security is really left to the end user. Users are prompted if any problems are found with a certificate. Therefore, even if the certificate is invalid, a user can override good policy by simply accepting the possibly tainted code.
- Answer: A. The configuration library is the process of cataloging all versions of a component configuration.
- Answer: C. A covert storage channel is a communication path that writes to storage by one process and allows the contents to be read through another, less-secure channel. Answer A describes a covert channel. Answers B and D are distracters.
- Answer: A. Inference occurs when a user with low-level access to data can use this access to infer information or knowledge that is not authorized. The three inference channels are deductive, abductive, and statistical.
- Answer: B. Relational databases use one of two control policies to secure information on multilevel systems: MAC (mandatory access control) and DAC (discretionary access control). Answers A and C are distracters. RBAC (role-based access control) is not used in multilevel relational databases.
- Answer: B. It is very likely that the game Boyd installed was bundled with a RAT (Remote-Access Trojan). The executable seems accessible, but after installation is performed, the Trojan program is loaded into the victim’s computer. RATs can control programs because backdoors turn on hardware, open CD-ROM drives, and perform other malicious and ill-willed acts.
- Answer: A. CRM (customer relationship management) is used in conjunction with data mining. The goal of CRM is to learn the behaviors of your customers. Businesses believe that by learning more about their customers, they can provide higher-quality customer service, increase revenues, and switch to more efficient sales techniques. Answer B describes forecasting, answer C describes associations, and answer D describes sequences.
- Answer: D. Neural technology simulates the neural behavior of the human brain. The objective is for a computer to be able to learn to differentiate or model without formal analysis and detailed programming. These systems are targeted to be used in risk management, IDS, and forecasting. Fuzzy logic focuses on how humans think and is used in insurance and financial markets, where there is some uncertainty about the data. Answers A and C are distracters.
- Answer: B. Interoperability, portability, transparency, extensibility, and security are the five requirements that all distributed systems should meet.
- Answer: B. Masquerading is the act of changing email messages to look as though they came from someone else. Spoofing typically involves IP addresses. Relaying occurs when email is sent through an uninvolved third party. Redirecting is the process of sending data to a destination to which it may not have been addressed.
- Answer: A. Cardinality is the number of rows in a relation.
- Answer: B. Answers A, C, and D all represent a valid relationship. Answer B does not, because records are synonymous with rows and tuples, not attributes.
- Answer: D. Perturbation is also called noise and is used as a tool to fight inference attacks. It works by infusing phony information into a database. The goal is to frustrate the attacker so that he or she will give up and move on to an easier target.
- Answer: C. Backdoor programs include SubSeven, NetBus, Back Orifice, and Beast. These programs are characterized by their design. They use two separate components: a server, which is deployed to the victim, and a client, which the attacker uses to control the victim’s computer.
- Answer: D. A SYN attack is characterized by a series of TCP SYNs. Each SYN uses a small amount of memory. If the attacker sends enough of these spoofed SYN packets, the victim’s machine fills up its queue and does not have adequate resources to respond to legitimate computers, denying other systems service from the victim’s computer.
- Answer: C. The Disposal and Postmortem Review phase of the SDLC is the point at which information may need to be archived or discarded. A postmortem team may be assembled to examine ways to improve subsequent iterations of this or other products.
- Answer: A. Multipartite viruses can spread by many different methods. Polymorphic viruses can change themselves over time.
- Answer: B. SODA (Secure Object-Oriented Database) allows the use of polyinstantiation as a solution to the multiparty update conflict. This problem is caused when users of various levels of clearance and sensitivity in a secure database system attempt to use the same information.
- Answer: C. The suggestion here is that Jack somehow contaminated File B and caused it to be raised to a higher security level after he saved it. However, in Mandatory Access Control, a label cannot be changed after it is assigned (or it would be discretionary). John has access to files A and B based on his security clearance (sensitivity label) and need to know (categories) both before and after Jack’s edit.
- Answer: A. Fifth-generation languages (LISP, Prolog) are most focused on the logic of constraints. Fourth-generation (SQL, ColdFusion), third-generation (COBOL, Java), and second-generation (Assembly, Byte Code) are focused on the logic of algorithms.
- Answer: C. SYN flooding is a resource attack on bandwidth. The attack does not involve malformed packets. The intent of the flood is to use up all the bandwidth so that legitimate incoming requests cannot be processed (not redirected). This flooding could result in excessive traffic on the front-end, load-balancing servers that seek to balance incoming requests between multiple back-end processing servers. Although crashing the server is not the ultimate goal of the attack, there is the possibility that this could occur.
- Answer: D. The higher the level of language you use when programming, the less likely it is that the code will have unintended flaws that can be attacked. Instead of using C, you should use C++, but both of these are third-generation languages (3GL). SQL is a fourth-generation language (4GL).
- Answer: B. Polymorphism is the ability to present data in a different light depending on the needs of the moment. Encapsulation is when an object has knowledge of functions and traits it requires so that other routines can access the object via standard function calls. Instantiation is the creation of an object based on its rule set. Abstraction refers to the suppression of unnecessary details but not the changing of details.
- Answer: B. Low coupling means that the modules transfer data directly to each other without transferring data through a lot of other modules. High cohesion means that modules stand alone well by handling their own requirements and without calling other modules. High coupling and low cohesion are present when modules depend heavily on each other, leading to race conditions in which multiple modules could be vying for the same resource.
- Answer: A. The inference engine creates the forward and reverse chains. Certainty factors reflect a confidence level that permits the chaining to occur. The rulebase describes what is known. Neural structures belong in artificial neural networks, not expert systems.
- Answer: D. One of the most common problems with audit logs is that they are collected but not analyzed. Often, no one is interested in the audit logs until someone reports a problem. Even though it isn’t a technical problem, this is an administrative and policy issue, because no analysis takes place. Answers A, B, and C are all important concerns but are not the most common problem.
- Answer: D. The primary vulnerability is the WAP gateway. WAP requires some type of conversion, and this conversion is performed on the gateway. This means that, for a short period of time, the data is in a clear format while being converted from WAP to SSL, TLS, or another encrypted format. This makes the gateway an attractive target. Answers A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not represent the level of risk that the gateway does.
- Answer: B. Fourth-generation (SQL, ColdFusion), third-generation (COBOL, Java), and second-generation (Assembly, Byte Code) are focused on the logic of algorithms. Fifth-generation languages (LISP, Prolog) are most focused on the logic of constraints. First-generation languages are written in machine language.
- Answer: B. A hierarchical database combines related records and fields into a logical tree structure. A relational database uses columns and rows to organize the information. An object-oriented database is considered much more dynamic than earlier designs because it can handle not only data but also audio, images, and other file formats. A network database is unique in that it supports multiple parent or child records.
- Answer: D. A network database is unique in that it supports multiple parent and child records. A relational database uses columns and rows to organize the information. A hierarchical database combines related records and fields into a logical tree structure. An object-oriented database is considered much more dynamic than earlier designs because it can handle not only data but also audio, images, and other file formats.
- Answer: D. One of the primary reasons to use the SDLC is to build in security from the beginning. As such, security issues need to be identified as soon as possible. Although some issues can be worked out during feasibility, options are still open at that point, which makes final decisions impossible. Waiting until later to build in security simply adds to the cost.
- Answer: D. Java Database Connectivity (JDC) is not a markup standard that is self-defining and provides a lot of flexibility in how data within the database is presented. JDC is an API communication mechanism for databases. Although it is true that the object linking and embedding database (OLE DB) is a replacement for open database connectivity (ODBC), ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is an API that allows applications to access back-end database systems. The data definition language (DDL) defines the structure and schema of the database.
- Answer: D. Referential integrity ensures that all foreign keys reference existing primary keys.
- Answer: B. Inference is the ability to obtain privileged information that normally is unavailable. Enumeration is performed when the attacker gathers information about the network structure. It includes items such as what open shares and applications are available on a network. Polyinstantiation is the use of different information at different security levels. Online transaction processing is a mechanism used in databases to provide fault tolerance.
- Answer: D. The most likely cause of the problem is invalid time synchronization. In a distributed environment, this can cause a server to overwrite newer data. If the change took a while to make, answer A cannot be correct. Answer B is incorrect because no change would be possible, even for a short period of time. Answer C is incorrect because it would be impossible for the user to make a change.
- Answer: C. A knowledge discovery database (KDD) is also known as data mining. A data warehouse is used for data storage and can combine data from multiple sources. Metadata is used to discover the unseen relationships between data. Atomicity is used to divide works into units that are processed completely or not at all.
- Answer: B. The correct statements are as follows: The data definition language (DDL) defines the structure and schema of the database. The data manipulation language (DML) contains all the commands that enable a user to manipulate, view, and use the database (view, add, modify, sort, and delete commands). The query language (QL) allows users to make requests of the database. The report generator creates printouts of data in a user-defined manner.
- Answer: C. Jim is data mining—searching for unseen relationships. A data warehouse is used for data storage and can combine data from multiple sources. Metadata is used to discover the unseen relationships between data. Atomicity is used to divide work into units that are processed completely or not at all.
- Answer: B. Before this significant change is made, the module should be technically tested (certification) and administratively approved (accreditation). Answers A, C, and D are all recommended best practices.
- Answer: C. Verification verifies that the product meets specifications. Validation is the measurement of how well the program or application solves a real-world problem.
- Answer: A. Cohesion and coupling are two items that need to be reviewed when creating code or modifying existing code. Cohesion is a module’s ability to perform only a single precise task. Coupling refers to the amount of interaction. Both can have a significant effect on change management. Therefore, the goal is to work toward modules that have high cohesion and loose coupling.
- Answer: B. Citizen (casual) programmers are people who can code but who do so from outside the SDLC process. The concern here is that they are writing programs and allowing others within the department to use them without any type of certification process. These programs have not been shown to work effectively or produce repeatable results. Lack of certification and review is a real problem. Answers A, C, and D are important, but they are not the primary concern.
- Answer: D. A relational database is a two-dimensional table; this allows each table to contain unique rows, columns, and cells. Relational databases have advantages over hierarchical databases. One such advantage is that a number of different relations can be defined, including overcoming the limitation of hierarchical databases that allows a child to have only one parent. Answers A, B, and C are therefore incorrect.
- Answer: B. The capability maturity model features five maturity levels that specify software development process maturity. These levels include initial, repeatable, defined, managed, and optimized. The defined level allows for quantitative process improvement.
- Answer: C. Software escrow is a form of insurance. Suppose company A buys software from company B. Company A is concerned that company B may go broke. A copy of the software source code can be placed in a safe place so that company A can access and modify it in case company B goes bankrupt.
- Answer: C. A commit completes the transaction. A savepoint is designed to allow the system to return to a certain point should an error occur. A rollback is similar, except that it is used when changes need to be canceled. An audit point is used as a control point to verify input, process, or output data.
- Answer: A. The capability maturity model features five maturity levels that specify software development process maturity. These levels are initial, repeatable, defined, managed, and optimized.
- Answer: A. Metadata is data that describes other data. Nonatomic data is a data value that consists of multiple data values. A data structure is a set of data in memory composed of fields. Transaction processing is a mode of computer operation.
- Answer: C. Relational databases are two-dimensional tables; this allows each table to contain unique rows, columns, and cells. Hierarchical, network, and object do not meet these requirements.
- Answer: D. A database view allows the database administrator to control what a specific user at a specific level of access can see. For example, an HR employee may be able to see department payroll totals but not individual employee salaries. A schema is the structure of the database. DMCL is unrelated to databases. Data mining is the process of analyzing metadata.
- Answer: D. Security controls must be considered at all points of the SDLC process. To learn more about the software development life cycle, see NIST 800-14, “Generally Accepted Principles and Practices for Securing Information Technology Systems.”
- Answer: D. The change control process has the following steps: Make a formal request for a change, analyze the request, record the change request, submit the change request for approval, develop the change, and report the results to management.
- Answer: A. Answers B, C, and D not fully define an expert system. An expert system is unique in that it contains a knowledge base of information and mathematical algorithms that use a series of if...then statements to infer facts from data.
- Answer: C. Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is vendor-independent middleware. Its purpose is to tie together different vendors’ products so that they can seamlessly work together over distributed networks. Atomicity deals with the validity of database transactions. Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) is a proprietary system developed by Microsoft that allows applications to transfer and share information. Object-oriented programming is a modular form of programming.
- Answer: D. The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) expired in 2007 and was replaced with the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) model. It features 22 process areas: causal analysis and resolution, configuration management, decision analysis and resolution, integrated project management, measurement and analysis, organizational innovation and deployment, organizational process definition, organizational process focus, organizational process performance, organizational training, project monitoring and control, project planning, process and product quality assurance, product integration, quantitative project management, requirements management, requirements development, risk management, supplier agreement management, technical solution, validation, and verification.
- Answer: A. At level 1 of the CMM, processes likely to be variable (inconsistent) and depend heavily on institutional knowledge. At level 2, processes are seen as repeatable. At level 3, documented standards are put in place. At level 4, metrics and management standards are in place.
- Answer: B. The two methods of reasoning when using inference rules are forward chaining and backward chaining. Knowledge transparency deals with knowledge representation.
- Answer: C. Extreme programming, which is an off-shoot of agile, uses pairs of programmers who work from detailed specifications. Answer A is not correct because waterfall is a classical method. Answer B is not correct because spiral uses iterations that spiral out every 28 days. Answer D is not correct because RAD uses prototypes.
- Answer: D. Crippleware, or trialware, is software that is partially functioning proprietary software that can be used without payment. Therefore, answers A, B, and C are incorrect.
- Answer: A. Byte code, such as Java, serves as a type of intermediary code that must be converted to machine code before running.
- Answer: C. CORBA is an open vendor-neutral middleware. Answers A, B, and D are incorrect because COM enables objects written in different languages to communicate, and OOA and OOD are software design methodologies.
- Answer: B. COM enables objects written in different languages to communicate. Answers A, C, and D are incorrect because OOA and OOD are software design methodologies, and CORBA is vendor-neutral middleware.
- Answer: True. SQL is a 4GL language. Others include CASE and Statistical Analysis System (SAS).
- Answer: False. 5GL languages are designed to use knowledge-based systems to solve problems and use constraints instead of an algorithm.
- Answer: False. The spiral model is the one that is based on the concept that software development is evolutionary.
- Answer: False. It is true that reengineering attempts to update software by reusing as many of the components as possible instead of designing an entirely new system. However, reverse engineering is a technique that can be used to decrease development time by decompiling existing code. Reverse engineering has many legal issues and concerns.
- Answer: True. Cohesion addresses the fact that a module can perform a single task with little input from other modules. Coupling is the measurement of the interconnecting between modules. Low coupling means that a change to one module should not affect another.
- Answer: True. An ERD helps map the requirements and define the relationship between elements. The basic components of an ERD are an entity and a relationship. After a data dictionary is designed, the database schema can be developed.
- Answer: True. WBAD offers standardized integration through the use of application development technologies such as XML. Its components include SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI.
- Answer: False. Prototyping is still used. The advantage is that it can provide real savings in development time and costs.
- Answer: False. Zeroization is the act of writing 0s, or a known pattern of bits, to media to make it difficult to recover the residual data. Purging makes data removal next to impossible. Therefore, purging is the higher level of data removal.
- The answers are as follows:
- Stealth: 2.
- Meme: 5.
- Macro: 1.
- EICAR: 4.
- Encrypted virus: 3.
A stealth virus can modify functionality, so detection is very difficult. A meme is not a virus; it works like a chain letter. Its purpose is to forward the message from user to user, propagating the hoax. The “I love you” and Melissa viruses are examples of macro viruses. “I love you” was an active script that could infect via a number of vectors of systems running Microsoft Windows with Windows Scripting Host enabled. Melissa targeted Microsoft Office documents (specifically, Microsoft Word). These viruses target Office documents. The EICAR test is used to verify the functionality of antivirus software. It is basically a signature that all participating vendors recognize. Encrypted viruses are similar to polymorphic viruses but can change how they are stored on the disk. This form of malware can make use of a cryptographic key.