- Oct 9, 1999
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With the release of Alder Lake less than a week away and the "Lakes" thread having turned into a nightmare to navigate I thought it might be a good time to start a discussion thread solely for Alder Lake.
I have a few questions regarding this Voltage vs. Frequency plot. Please excuse my lack of knowledge here. Consider V=IR, how does this Frequency vs. Voltage plot compare to a Power vs. Frequency plot? At the end of the day it's the power we're concerned about, right?
If the E core requires 1.2V at 3.8GHz and the P requires 1.2V at ~4.7GHz, how does that relate to power usage? At the end of the day we need to know the current to know power right?
For digital circuits there are two powers, static power (when the signals aren't switching) and dynamic power (the time when the signals are changing). Typically, Pdyn >> Pstatic but that stopped being true for planar devices as you approached the 20 nm process. FD-SOI planar and FinFETs help get Pstatic back under control (though it's rising again as we progress). Anyway, just a short intro to say that this post will focus on Pdyn.
The estimated Pdyn = (1/2) * CL* (Number of gates switching) * Freq * Voltage^2
So, looking at this, you would expect that there is a linear relationship between frequency and power. However, as we know, you need additional voltage as well to increase freqency. there is also a temperature factor that is typically left out but as temperature rises, it effects the mobility of the FET channel causing the need to increase voltage further to maintain the same frequency. In the end, frequency and power have more of a quadratic (or maybe higher order) relationship I believe, though this is based more on experimental and form fitting data.
Obviously from an outside perspective, we can't get numbers on CL or # of gates switching, but we don't need those if we start from a known measured power level and are ok with making a few assumptions (e.g. constant temp, same load on the CPU, Pstatic is negligible). At that point, the CL and # of gates become a constant and can be removed from the equation. Then you just need to compare freq and voltage to your known measured power level and you can calculate how much power the CPU should consume at a different point on the V/f curve. It's not perfect but should give you at least a ball park estimate.
Thank you for the detailed response. Do you have any insight on what happens to the impedance of the CPU as the frequency remains constant while the number of gates switching increases? I would assume it decreases, which would lead to higher power consumption?
That's not really how it works. I'm assuming you are still thinking in terms of P=IV and V=IR. Not that this equation is false, but you have to know where/how it is applied. In a simplified view, the power consumed by the CPU is the sum of the power consumed by a bunch of circuit branches. When a 'branch' is not switching it is off from a Pdyn perspective and thus drawing no current. When those branches switch (more gates switching) then those branches are on and drawing current and add to the overall sum of current (and power) being drawn. In terms of resistance, you could view it as the branches being infinite resistance when off (thus disregarded) and creating resistors in parallel when on. The voltage would always be constant. This is disregarding power management circuitry and assuming a clean digital signal (which assumptions I also made in my previous post). From a top level perspective you could say that the resistance looking into the CPU has decreased and thus current increased. It doesn't really explain what is really happening inside the CPU but it's also not inaccurate.
Yea, Anand Tech seriously needs to update their gpu. Their gaming tests are pretty much worthless these days.What is this: https://www.anandtech.com/show/17078/intel-alder-lake-ddr5-memory-scaling-analysis/4
RAM scaling test in 4k/1440p with a GTX 1080, this is great
Next time Anandtech please use the iGPU to make sure it's even more GPU bound.
The ring bus bandwidth is actually the L3 bandwidth for the cores. So having a 4.7GHz ring would mean it would be clocked faster than the E cores themselves.
Don't think I ever heard of the caches clocking faster than the CPU cores. Since the E cores have a different design philosophy and it's their first successful(first implementation is Lakefield) hybrid implementation, the E cores may simply not be capable of having the caches clocked faster.
If we also take the speculation that Alderlake was similar to Broadwell and desktop is a side effect, at the mobile frequencies the ring bus issue would be negligible since the clocks are way lower.
I mean I sure hope they aren't slowing down the DRAM clock rate when E cores are active but instead using different multipliers for P cores and E cores.
I'm willing to bet Apple's SLC doesn't suffer from this limitation, or at least I haven't seen anything in benchmarks that would indicate it does (have you seen anything @name99?)
The estimated Pdyn = (1/2) * CL* (Number of gates switching) * Freq * Voltage^2
It's because the cpu now is adaptive and will give you the best possible clocks under the conditions you have it running under, forcing a table would leave too much performance unused and would be completely useless for practically everybody since every single piece of software uses a different amount of power and thus a cpu runs them at different clocks.Base frequencies are superfluous since all it really does is tell you clocks at 125W, which no one is going to actually run.
What would be nice to know, simply, is what 1C and nC the P's and E's will run at under default settings assuming adequate power and cooling. My PL1=PL2=4096W yet single core clocks will never reach 5.0 as specified unless I force it. I liked it when Intel would actually provide Anandtech with a table showing clocks at 1C, 2C, 4C, and 8C.
Base frequencies are superfluous since all it really does is tell you clocks at 125W, which no one is going to actually run.
Long answer: No, you shouldn't.HWUB investigates if you should disable e-cores to play games. Short Answer: No.
When P and E core frequencies are set to "Auto" in the BIOS my multicore P core frequency is 4.7 and single core 4.9. For the E's it's 3.6 and 3.8. I have a 12700k.
My PL1=PL2=4096W yet single core clocks will never reach 5.0 as specified unless I force it.
Who summoned me?! Oh, it's the @Hulk again.Just wondering what insights into these specs and behaviors I'm missing? Because I usually am missing something
Who summoned me?! Oh, it's the @Hulk again.
Here's the short bad news: On stock 12700K you'll rarely see 5Ghz as this turbo bin is reserved for times when just 1 core is loaded. For up to 4 cores you get 4.9Ghz, for up to 6 cores you get 4.8, all-core turbo is 4.7.
Here's the long good news: all P-cores in ADL-S come with their own predefined V/f curve mapped up to the highest turbo ratio the SKU can handle. That means each P-core can do 5Ghz and the CPU already knows what voltage each one of them needs. Remember when you were asking me about the purpose of the V/f curve while hinting that we're only really interested in power? Well.... THIS is what we want that voltage curve for (among other things): customizing the system to our hearts content!
With Alder Lake you can define dynamic overclocks, meaning you can still use the mapped VIDs up until the CPU turbos past the max stock clocks. Here's how you can do this:
For now I run my 12700K with 5.1Ghz at up to 2 cores, 5Ghz at 4 cores, 4.8 at 6 cores, 4.6 at 8 cores with PL1= PL2 = 150W. Since MSI always manages to push more voltage than necessary I'm also running Adaptive + Offset. Would have liked to keep running Adaptive + Advanced Offset so that the offset is higher and limited to high turbo bins... alas they managed to screw this option in the last UEFI revision.
- set you CPU voltage option to Adaptive
- re-define your 5Ghz group to more cores, say 4 cores to 5Ghz, 6 cores to 4.8 etc. Test and see if this holds in Windows, in my case the BIOS is wonky and does not register 4 cores to 5Ghz as "technical" overclock, therefore sticks to stock behavior. (I'm on MSI, you're on Asus, your mileage may vary though Asus seems to have the more mature UEFI right now)
- in case the 5Ghz route does not work, set 1 or 2 cores to 5.1Ghz. While operating at 5Ghz and bellow, the CPU will ask for stock voltage, while operating at 5.1Ghz it will ask for either the 5Ghz voltage or the voltage defined in the UEFI voltage field.
- if you're running a 5.1Ghz overclock, you can choose to set a voltage for this point. Take note that this voltage must be higher than the 5Ghz VID of your CPU, otherwise the CPU will ignore it and use the 5Ghz instead.
- don't be a bad @Hulk and set a proper power limit for the CPU. Alder Lake can eat your cake and poop on your carpet if you let it, just set a proper max power when running on air even if it's a 200W limit. This way it will only eat your cake and poop in a corner.
What's that? You have questions?! No no no, I'm holiday cheering and all. Here's a 96 minute long Alder Lake tutorial on everything, from voltage rails to memory overclocking.
One thing I don't understand is that when set to 47 voltage is shown as 1.296, but when cores are set to "auto", which is also 47 the BIOS reports target voltage of 1.243?
~1.3V is likely enough for 5Ghz, let alone 4.7Ghz. What you're seeing by dialing in values in the BIOS and then checking the resulting voltage is the combined effect of the CPU V/f curve and your motherboard's settings. The final VID request from the CPU is based on it's internal V/f curve to which the CPU then makes adjustments based on information from the motherboard regarding it's power delivery capabilities. Motherboards will present themselves with different characteristics to the CPU, which means the same CPU may end up using 1.4V on one board and 1.35V on another. The difference can be massive, affecting both power consumption and temps. Sometimes the higher voltage is justified by lower quality VRM capabilities, on other occasions we're simply witnessing poor BIOS optimization or even poor marketing choices from the board maker.Here is the V vs. F plot for my 12700K as shown by the BIOS.
One thing I don't understand is that when set to 47 voltage is shown as 1.296, but when cores are set to "auto", which is also 47 the BIOS reports target voltage of 1.243?
Looks like for my CPU 46 or 47 is about as high as I want to go before the voltage starts getting a little high for my liking. I like to stay under 1.3V.
Who summoned me?! Oh, it's the @Hulk again.
Here's the short bad news: On stock 12700K you'll rarely see 5Ghz as this turbo bin is reserved for times when just 1 core is loaded. For up to 4 cores you get 4.9Ghz, for up to 6 cores you get 4.8, all-core turbo is 4.7.
Here's the long good news: all P-cores in ADL-S come with their own predefined V/f curve mapped up to the highest turbo ratio the SKU can handle. That means each P-core can do 5Ghz and the CPU already knows what voltage each one of them needs. Remember when you were asking me about the purpose of the V/f curve while hinting that we're only really interested in power? Well.... THIS is what we want that voltage curve for (among other things): customizing the system to our hearts content!
With Alder Lake you can define dynamic overclocks, meaning you can still use the mapped VIDs up until the CPU turbos past the max stock clocks. Here's how you can do this:
For now I run my 12700K with 5.1Ghz at up to 2 cores, 5Ghz at 4 cores, 4.8 at 6 cores, 4.6 at 8 cores with PL1= PL2 = 150W. Since MSI always manages to push more voltage than necessary I'm also running Adaptive + Offset. Would have liked to keep running Adaptive + Advanced Offset so that the offset is higher and limited to high turbo bins... alas they managed to screw this option in the last UEFI revision.
- set you CPU voltage option to Adaptive
- re-define your 5Ghz group to more cores, say 4 cores to 5Ghz, 6 cores to 4.8 etc. Test and see if this holds in Windows, in my case the BIOS is wonky and does not register 4 cores to 5Ghz as "technical" overclock, therefore sticks to stock behavior. (I'm on MSI, you're on Asus, your mileage may vary though Asus seems to have the more mature UEFI right now)
- in case the 5Ghz route does not work, set 1 or 2 cores to 5.1Ghz. While operating at 5Ghz and bellow, the CPU will ask for stock voltage, while operating at 5.1Ghz it will ask for either the 5Ghz voltage or the voltage defined in the UEFI voltage field.
- if you're running a 5.1Ghz overclock, you can choose to set a voltage for this point. Take note that this voltage must be higher than the 5Ghz VID of your CPU, otherwise the CPU will ignore it and use the 5Ghz voltage instead.
- don't be a bad @Hulk and set a proper power limit for the CPU. Alder Lake can eat your cake and poop on your carpet if you let it, just set a proper max power when running on air even if it's a 200W limit. This way it will only eat your cake and poop in a corner.
What's that? You have questions?! No no no, I'm holiday cheering and all. Here's a 96 minute long Alder Lake tutorial on everything, from voltage rails to memory overclocking.
Not that good news for desktop users, because UHD 770 with 32EU is really weak and 40-50% higher performance won't change that.Intel Alder Lake's Integrated UHD Graphics 770 GPU Overclocks Like Crazy, Almost Hits 2.4 GHz on Water Cooled Setup With Over 60% Performance Gains
Intel's Alder Lake Desktop CPUs are great but the UHD 770 iGPU is one insane overclocker, hitting almost Xbox One performance levels.wccftech.com
Good news for gamers on a budget.
i9-12900K | Stock via Bios | OC Strategy 1 | OC Strategy 2 | OC Strategy 3 (BCLK 110) | OC Strategy 4 (BCLK 116) |
Slice (MHz) | 1550 [100%] | 1550 [100%] | 2100 [136%] | 2255 [146%] | 2378 [153%] |
Unslice (MHz) | 1350 [100%] | 1350 [100%] | 1350 [100%] | 1485 [110%] | 1566 [116%] |
Horsepower (TFLOPs) | 794 | 794 | 1075 | 1155 | 1218 |
Memory speed (MHz) | 4800 | 6200 | 6200 | 6160 | 6264 |
Voltage (V) | 1.081 | 1.079 | 1.088 | 1.211 | 1.375 |
IGP Temperature [°C] | 37 | 37 | 41 | 48 | 60 |
Power consumption (W) | 14.47 [100%] | 14.47 [100%] | 19.83 [137%] | 24.63 [169%] | 31.7 [219%] |
Performance in FF XV (FPS) | 14.55 [100%] | 14.74 [101%] | 18.64 [128%] | 19.69 [135%] | 20.48 [141%] |
Anyone tried that before? Does XTU let users OC mobile SKUs?On the other hand, OC-ing a mobile version to 2GHz could be very interesting.
Sorry, It can't. Just tried on my i5-9300H and I think It will be the same for other Intel CPUs.Anyone tried that before? Does XTU let users OC mobile SKUs?
Even 80 is great for a gaming rig, that's more than 20 degrees away from thermal throttling, if this is at full load all cores and max 150W all the time then these are great numbers for the cooler because games will use much less of the cpu.Hm it looks cool, but hm 70-80c is expected for that tiny size.