As for CPU, I don't mind spending a little extra now to get another few years use out of it (given that my past upgrade cycle is typically 5-7 years), but I think it will depend on what the quietest cooling options are. If I go with an i7 4770K, what are some good quiet CPU fans?
Arctic Cooling i30, and Xigamtek Gaia, off the top of my head, without going overboard. There are plenty of other options, too. The stock ones do get annoyingly loud when under load. Using Noctua is going overboard.
For the graphics card, is my current NVIDIA GeForce GT 430 1GB DDR3 good enough? I already have a quiet fan on it, and I don't seem to have any issues with it performance-wise. If I can keep using it, that would be one less thing I need to buy.
Chances are good that IGP in a 4th gen core will be about as fast. If you want that last little speed boost in Photoshop, a new video card that's a few times faster might be good to buy, but Haswell IGP is the better option, otherwise, IMO.
About Microcenter - yes, I live about 30-40 minutes away from one although I have never been there. Would it be worth the drive? Do they have good deals on anything other than CPUs?
Microcenter tends to have CPU and mobo combos that are often quite cheap, but they are in-store pickup only.
CPU: Intel i7 4770K? or is that overkill?
Probably a bit, yes. OTOH, Photoshop will able to use it right off the bat. If you're not overclocking, though, the i7-4770 or 4771 are just as good, and usually a bit cheaper. While prices vary, that's also where the Xeon E3 CPUs come in.
MB: Any suggestions? I like the idea of having plenty of USB 3.0 ports, SATA3 6.0, and maybe RAID in case I add it later. Is anything else important?
Lots of USB 3.0 basically requires a card. I'm kind of annoyed that, myself. Motherboards with many of them tend to be quite expensive.
RAM: 8GB DDR3-1600 probably? Something like Corsair Vengeance?
If you get a video card, a single 8GB DIMM will do, and allow for plenty of expansion, should you need it. With IGP, 2x4GB, or just go straight to 2x8GB, as IGP will benefit from dual-channel RAM.
Video: NVIDIA GeForce GT 430 1GB DDR3 (will my old video card be good enough?)
It might be enough, but I see no reason to keep it. Photoshop CS 6 or newer officially supports Intel's integrated on the Xeon E3s, and that should be about as fast (it works fine with the non-Xeon ones, though). IGP has come far enough that there's very little point in buying a video card for performance at less than about $75, and if your case, Photoshop is likely the only program that will make any real use of it.
PSU: Cooler Master Extreme Power Plus - 500W Power Supply (my current one)
No. It's getting on the old side...
New everything. The SSD is all that's going to balloon your budget, chances are a new case would be better noise-wise, and it's just not a good idea to hook up an old PSU that wasn't the best when it was new to a set of new expensive parts.