Pentium M: Intel's magical new mobile CPU. Low power consumption, high performance (roughly equivalent to an Athlon64 clock for clock)
Celeron M: Like the Pentium M, but less cache and no enhanced speedstep. Still performs extremely well compared to the P-M - not a bad chip at all if battery life is not of the utmost concern.
Turion 64: An Athlon 64 with more power saving technology. Battery life is not as excellent as the P-M, but still pretty good.
Mobile Sempron: Like the Turion 64, but with less cache. Comes in a lot of variants (32-bit vs. 64-bit, 128kb vs 256kb L2 cache). Generally performs very well, but less than the Celeron M. _Does_ keep the T64 power saving stuff, so it's not a killer on your battery.
So, in your case, you want a P-M or a Turion 64. Bad news is, the $500-$700 price range is going to make it very hard to find anything with those CPUs in it.
-Erwos