Faraday Cage calculations

wacki

Senior member
Oct 30, 2001
881
0
76
How small do the holes have to be before a mesh becomes a faraday cage for a cellphone?

How do you run the calculations? I'm in a debate about this security steel mesh and it would be funny to find out if you can't call 911 because of it.

Most cellphones are around:
900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz or 2.4 Ghz
 

djhuber82

Member
May 22, 2004
51
0
0
I would assume that the holes need to be significantly smaller than the wavelength. 1 GHz wavelength is about a foot in free space, so holes of a few inches should be small enough.
 

A5

Diamond Member
Jun 9, 2000
4,902
5
81
I would let the security mesh block cell phones - install landlines for all out-of-building communication. If this is meant to be a secure facility, you'll want the ability to monitor outgoing communications.

I work in a gov't building where this is the case - I don't know what your intended application is.
 
Aug 16, 2001
22,529
4
81
I'm not sure where the limit is but to make a parabolic antenna of mesh, a grid size of ?/20 is a good estimate. This would also be a good start for a good Faraday cage.

So for 2.4GHz a 6.25mm (~1/4") grid would work.
1800MHz - 8.3mm (~1/3")
900MHz - 16.7mm (~0.65")
 

wacki

Senior member
Oct 30, 2001
881
0
76
I'm not sure where the limit is but to make a parabolic antenna of mesh, a grid size of ?/20 is a good estimate. This would also be a good start for a good Faraday cage.

So for 2.4GHz a 6.25mm (~1/4") grid would work.
1800MHz - 8.3mm (~1/3")
900MHz - 16.7mm (~0.65")

1/20th of wavelength? So amplitude has no basis in the equation?
 

f95toli

Golden Member
Nov 21, 2002
1,547
0
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No, ampltude has nothing to do with it.

And there is no such thing as the "width" of EM radiation, the amplitude has nothing to do with the "shape" of an EM wave.
 

wacki

Senior member
Oct 30, 2001
881
0
76
And there is no such thing as the "width" of EM radiation, the amplitude has nothing to do with the "shape" of an EM wave.

Really? Then why would different size holes block transmission of different frequencies of a perpendicular traveling wave?
 

f95toli

Golden Member
Nov 21, 2002
1,547
0
0
I am not sure I understand that argument.
You write yourself that the transmission depends of the frequency. What has that to do with amplitude?

The attenuation (with attenuation I mean how well the hole blocks the radiation from entering the inside of the cage, in reality most of the raduation is reflected) when the radiation passes through a hole only depends on the frequency.
I.e if a hole of a certain shape and size attenuates 90% of the field it will do so regardless of the amplitude. If the amplitude is 1 V/m before the hole it will be 0.1 V/m on the other side, if it is 1 mV/m it will be 0.1mV/m; the attenuation (in this case 10 dB) stays the same.




 

PowerEngineer

Diamond Member
Oct 22, 2001
3,558
734
136

I hadn't thought about Faraday Cages for a while, and was moved to google for information.

I work in an area with metal mesh inside the walls that was intended to block electromagnetic radiation. The mesh appears to be steel (certainly not copper or aluminum) diamonds roughly 1/4" wide, 1/2" tall, and 1/16" deep. The attenuation is enough to make my cell phone essentially inoperable, but others with (better) cell phones can make/take calls (but the reception is poor). It's also enough to effectively prevent the use of radio and TV.

My recollection on the theory behind Faraday cages is that electromagnetic radiation that trys to pass through a (perfectly-conducting) plane of material will induce eddy currents that offset the incoming waves, leaving a net of nothing on the opposite side of the material (and amounts to reflection of the incoming waves). There's no such thing as a perfect Faraday cage we can't use superconducting materials (at least not yet). This means that the induced eddy currents to not completely offset the incoming waves, and the net on the opposite side becomes some fraction of the incoming waves. So, the lower the resistance of the material; the more the incoming waves are attenuated. Therefore, look for lower resistivity and greater thickness to improve performance.

While a solid plane of material is best, cages made from mesh are common. I do remember that the size of the mesh is tied to the wavelength of the frequencies you want to attenuate. I found one reference (here) that: "Faraday cages are usually designed so that the largest mesh openings have a diameter of 1/10 of the shortest wavelength."

Here's a couple of other links you might find interesting:
Holland Shielding
Security by Design

Good luck!
 

Born2bwire

Diamond Member
Oct 28, 2005
9,840
6
71
Originally posted by: wacki
And there is no such thing as the "width" of EM radiation, the amplitude has nothing to do with the "shape" of an EM wave.

Really? Then why would different size holes block transmission of different frequencies of a perpendicular traveling wave?

One way to think about it is that the holes are now waveguides. In the case of your common mesh, rectangular waveguides. Tangential electric fields must be zero along the surface of a PEC so for a rectangular waveguide the physical dimensions of the waveguide dictate the range of frequencies that are supported for propagation. Specifically, for rectangular waveguides, there is a frequency at which anything lower will not result in propagation (other kinds of waveguides may allow for signals down to DC). Waves below the lowest cutoff frequency become evanescent and thus will attenuate as they progress through the waveguide. If memory serves me correctly, if we take a mesh with a gap of 1/20th the wavelength and use say 12 gauge wire to make the mesh, then for 2.4GHz we will attenuate the signal by around two-thirds.

Keep in mind that this corresponds to a gap of 6 mm or a little over a quarter of an inch. The faraday cages that I have worked in generally have gaps of 1 mm or less. They generally look like your insect screen for windows with the exception that it is made out of brass or copper. If we use 1 mm, then the attenuation from a 12 gauge wire screen is around 99.85%, or -56 dB for 2.4 GHz.

http://www.amanogawa.com/archive/docs/EM15.pdf
 
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