I was just reading the story of how the FBI forced someone to unlock their phone using their fingerprint. It got me thinking. Is there a way to configure an iphone so that your left ring finger print unlocks the phone, and all other fingers cause an instant wipe? That way, if someone forces you to unlock your phone, you can happily do so.
I'm not aware of that being possible, best I can think of for iPhone would be turning your phone off, as turning it back on and unlocking requires your passcode.
On Android you can use 3rd party launchers to lock your phone, so your fingerprint won't work and you actually need the password to unlock it.
To answer your question, no. You can't program that sort of thing. I don't know if you'd want to either, what if you ever accidentally tapped your wipin' finger on the sensor? TouchID 2 is FAST, like insanely fast, it would start erasing the phone before you realized what you had done.
As Red Storm wrote, if you power-cycle it, it won't accept your fingerprint until you unlock it with your passcode. Same applies if you give it the wrong fingerprint 3 times. So if you have your thumbs programmed, put your index finger on there 3 times, and it will demand your passcode (which to my understanding, and IANAL, the courts CANNOT compel your passcode, but they can compel your fingerprint).