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Those aren't Cat anything. They're phone jacks.
Replace them with Insulation Displacement Connection (IDC) type.
The fact that there is more than 1/2 inch of exposed (3/8 for Cat6 and above), untwisted pair make them totally out of spec.
Fire your electrician, then sue him for the replacement costs. In the meantime, go to Angie's list and post a seriously negative review.
Is there anything I can do now short of replacing what's already in the walls? I can pull the cat6 out a little from the box to expose some of the sheathing, but I don't want to damage the cable. How much should I pull out to work with? They used solid copper, not stranded, so I don't want to put too much force on it.
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The way the "Category" system works, the span of the cable takes on the rating of the lowest component; so even though it is (might be?) Cat6 rated cable, if there are unrated jacks or plugs terminating it, it becomes an unrated span.
If you have Cat6 cable, and you replace the phone jacks with data-grade jacks that are also rated for Cat6, and you follow the other rules for terminating Cat6 properly, then you have a Cat6 rated span.
The rules are things like (for Cat6) no more than 3/8" of exposed wires (out of the sheath), there can be no more than 3/8" untwisted (the same 3/8 that's exposed), there can be no bends in the cable less then a two inch diameter (a Coke can is a good model), you can't exert more than the cable's pulling tension (different for all cables, but tend to be ~12=14 pounds of pull), no crushing (like an over-tight cable tie ...if you compress the sheath, the cable is out of spec), no excessive twisting (distortion of the sheath), and the list goes on. Obviously a jumper that is rolled over by a chair, stepped on, chewed (child or pet), or overly bent also blows the span out of spec.
Short version: if you have Cat6, solid conductor, in the wall, you should be able to properly terminate it with the proper connectors and / or panels and it's likely you'll have a Cat6 span.