Intel is studied as an example of a double-moat company, and how those reinforced each other. x86 was (mostly) proprietary to the company, and it was exclusive to Intel's process. So if you wanted the fastest chip you bought x86, and if you were captured by x86 (Microsoft) you funded their process. Each moat gave value to the other, and together they were nearly impossible to beat. The downside is that you can't invite other architectures onto the process that compete with x86, because that undermines the moat structure, which limits your ability to scale.
Intel had 3 problems to manage:
1) DOJ breaking that exclusivity to x86 to some degree
2) They could never stumble on process (and they did)
3) The market couldn't scale even within x86 because making x86 suitable for the PC/server market forced it to be unsuitable to the low power market.
Two developments outside of Intel counter these moats:
1) ARM license their IP to pretty much any comer, so anyone can break out of the Intel SKU structure to develop silicon for narrow use cases. This is why Apple cofounded ARM to begin with, for such a narrow use case, and they returned to the architecture (with founders license intact) for their mobile products. This allows Apple (and anyone else) to make silicon that meet their exact requirements rather than picking from Intels menu of offerings.
2) TSMC learns the originating lesson from Intel that Intel lost sight of. Semi manufacturing has very low marginal costs and very high capital costs. As such, scale is everything, and Intel cut off their scaling opportunities. But TSMC could collect customers to cover those increasing costs to tip up new nodes. By the time Intel were showing real problems, Apple was spending more on silicon than Intel was, let alone all of the other TSMC customers - AMD, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Broadcom, etc. Players like Apple have options as they can always jump to Samsung (as they jumped from Samsung) if TSMC stumbles. Intel had no such option.
Intels double moat ultimately trapped them. They couldn't turn into a foundry without breaking that. And as soon as they stumbled on process, that was pretty much it. Apple showed the benefit of a licensable IP that they could tailor to their needs along with a competitive foundry space where they could always be on the best process. AMD dumped off GlobalFoundries to gain the same benefits.
The only path I see is for the US government to recognize that if they want a competitive domestic foundry for ITAR work (particularly as DOD is leaning into AI more), they're going to have to build a ULA-like entity around Intels fabs, with buy-in from the US customers - Intel, Apple, AMD, etc. That would stabilize thing and ensure domestic owned capacity. Even if this entity wasn't quite competitive with TSMC, there are plenty of products they make that would be suitable - Apple's S series, their new radios, etc. Between these entities they would be able to provide enough volume for this entity to be reasonably competitive.