Why not just use the built-in windows functionality?
Create folders full of shortcuts somewhere and then pin each folder to the start menu? Then you just hit the windows key and click the folder you want, and open the app you want.
It's probably the closest you're going to get, I've never seen any windows UI modification that allowed specific folders to be pinned to the task bar separate from Windows Explorer. Why not just pin all the apps individually to the task bar and put them in the order you want?