With U.S. intelligence on Iraq coming from electronic eavesdropping and satellite photography, Saddam decided to go underground, building elaborate bunker and tunnel complexes. A German firm designed and later built a 20,000-square-foot bunker under one of Saddam?s palaces, at a cost of $90 million. It has luxurious bedrooms for Saddam, his family, and dozens of bodyguards and staff. It?s stocked with enough food and water to last a year. Giant shock absorbers and redundant air filtration systems are designed to withstand multiple bomb blasts and missile strikes.
Michael Vickers, a consultant to the Pentagon who spent 10 years in the Army?s special forces and later became a C.I.A. operative, says there are "some very, very hardened, deep underground facilities that have 20 or more feet, maybe 100 feet in some cases, of dirt, and then 6 to 20 feet of reinforced concrete, and then prefabricated steel."
In some cases, Vickers says, the bunkers are 300 feet or so deep, and "almost impervious to anything but nuclear attack."
Worse, some of these bunkers may be connected by tunnels, allowing Saddam to move from underground facility to underground facility.
"One of the things that makes these underground structures difficult-is the labyrinth network of them," Vickers says. They have blast doors in between, too, so "even if you penetrate down into one compartment, say, and destroy that, then the steel doors may contain the effects of a blast. If you're on the other side you're a quarter mile away, you're perfectly safe."
The U.S. identified more than two dozen of these bunkers 12 years ago. There may be more now, and they may be located under schools, hospitals, even mosques - targets that the U.S. is not likely to bomb.
And, if and when U.S. forces finally take Baghdad, they won?t necessarily find maps and blueprints of the bunkers and tunnels, or even the engineers that designed them.
"When Saddam realizes you?re an engineer and you know too much about where he could hide, he?s going to have you killed," says Ibrahim al-Marashi.