I find this explanation perfect.
from
http://www.forbes.com/sites/markgib...ment_blogAndPostId/blog/comment/1337-970-1822
I’m not a geologist or physicist but I am an astrophysicist with a professional interest in nucleosynthesis.
All the elements on the periodic table you saw on the wall in high school chemistry, other than hydrogen and some of the helium, and a tiny amount of lithium, were manufactured by fusion processes in stars. A majority of stars, referred to as main sequence stars such as the sun, are happily fusing hydrogen (H) to helium (He) and releasing huge amounts of energy. They do this for most of their lives. It takes 4 hydrogens to produce 1 helium. If you looked at the atomic masses on those chemistry classroom walls, you would see that a He is 0.7% less massive than 4xH. This missing mass, which is referred to as binding energy, is where the energy that powers the universe comes from via Einstein’s famous equation. The binding energy of atomic nuclei decreases from H to Fe and then increases from Fe (and one Ni isotope) to uranium and beyond.
The problem with Mr Rossi’s e-cat is that fusion only produces energy for elements up to iron (Fe). This is because the mass of elements from from H to Fe is less than the total mass of the lighter elements fused to synthesize them. When stars start producing iron in their cores, their life is over as there are no more energy producing fusion reactions that can take place.
So, you might ask, where do the other elements – cobalt and beyond – come from? The answer is, during the dramatic collapse that occurs when the core stops producing energy in the seconds after iron synthesis begins, the gravitational potential energy of the star is released causing the the internal temperature of the star to spike to hundreds of millions of kelvins and all the heavy elements are produced and then blown out into space in the supernova explosion that ends the stars life. Heavy element synthesis requires energy input! The heavier the element, the more rare it is. Of course heavy elements can produce energy by fission where the reaction products are lighter than the starting nucleus, which is how all nuclear energy on earth is currently produced.
Now to the question of how copper (Cu) is made in nature. it happens in supernova explosions and require a huge energy input. Cu has 29 protons and either 34 or 36 neutrons. It has an standard mass of 63.546 atomic mass units (amu). Nickel has 28 protons and 30, 32, 33, 34 or 36 neutrons with an standard mass of 58.6394 amu. Also, hydrogen has one proton and either 0, 1 or 2 neutrons and an standard mass of 1.00794 amu. So depending on the isotopes involved, Ni can be fused with 1 to 9 H to make Cu. If you do the calculations for the 9 possible fusion reactions to produce Cu from Ni and H, you come up 0.05 amu short. This small mass deficit is made up by the energy input to the reaction to make it run. To put this into perspective, the fusion reaction for 58.6394 grams of nickel plus 4.857g of H to get 63.546g of copper needs an extra 0.05g of energy. Using E=mc^2, the energy requirement is about 4.49 terajoules which is 250 megawatts of power input.
There is no energy output in making copper from nickel. That is of course unless Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Enrico Fermi, Erwin Schrodinger, Richard Feynman and others are wrong and Rossi is right. When Einstein said Newton was wrong about gravity, he was courteous enough to publish a paper in 1905 pointing out the problems with Newtonian gravity and how General Relativity addressed them. Rossi is essentially declaring Quantum Theory and Special Relativity incorrect and has provided nothing to explain why. In a Rossi universe, everything would be uranium or heavier elements as the physical laws as we understand them would not apply.
I do not approve of intellectual dishonesty.