If you don't get a sufficiently substantial answer in the PSU subforum then try the 'ask a technical professional' subforum as you may get someone with more electronics knowledge than I do (which IMO isn't a lot, I've never studied electronics beyond mandatory education, but I have been in the computer hardware business for >20 yr).
AFAIK static damage is done in an instant and then the static electricity is no longer there because in the byproduct of doing the damage it was trying to get back to earth / achieve electron balance when two objects with significantly different static charges touched.
IMO there's a question of secondary damage: could static shock damage a component enough to create say a short that could then blow up other components. The answer IMO is in theory yes but it's highly improbable: Static electricity shock results in far too much energy going through a component rated for a lot less input and stuff burns out, rendering the connection incomplete so therefore electricity cannot begin to flow. I say 'improbable' because perhaps when one connection is broken then in the act of that breakage then maybe another very wrong but sufficiently workable (for electricity, not for the intended purpose) connection could be formed due to matter melting in just the right way.
If we're only talking about static damage then I personally would isolate the board on say an anti-static bag, connect only what's absolutely necessary (have absolutely nothing connected except a PSU, the board, a speaker connected to the board's speaker header and whatever makes the switch to tell the board to switch on, no cpu ram etc), switch it on and see what happens. If the board starts giving out beeps indicating missing cpu/ram then maybe you've dodged a bullet; connect a cpu, try again, if that works connect some ram and so forth. If the board has any sign of visible damage then I wouldn't bother doing any of this, but in the few instances of confirmed static damage I've experienced (one or two I think), I've never seen visible damage.
IMO the most ideal person to get an answer from is someone who has studied electronics then has decades of experience including components getting blown up in weird and wonderful ways. Theory can only go so far. In my line of work (computer fixing), ideally I try to find out the cause and effect in any situation, but the fact of the matter is that's not always possible and I have to settle for a hypothesis of what happened or even less.