Good. Haemophilia A is a deficiency of coagulation Factor VIII, B is deficiency of Factor IX.
The Babinski sign is elicited by firmly stroking from heel to toe on the lateral side of the sole of the foot. In normal people this should produce a plantarflexion of the toes - they curl downwards. Babies and people with an upper motor neuron lesion curl their toes upwards.
12. Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducent, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, and Hypoglossal. Between them, they provide all sensation and all innervation to the muscles of the head, and some of the neck. The vagus nerve also provides parasympathetic stimulation to much of the viscera - heart, lungs, gut, etc.
The plantaris is, when present, a small muscle on the calf. It runs from the lateral side of the femur down to the medial side of the calcaneus, or heel bone. For most of its length it's tendinous; muscle forms only a small part of its length, somwhere between the knee joint and about a third of the way down the calf.
Sonic hedgehog is a very important protein in human development. And it is so called because in drosophila (fruit flies), when it is absent, aside from a host of other deformities, the flies form little projections, like the spines of a hedgehog. The protein is known as a morphogen - it helps create direction and distance signals in embryos, with the help of other morphogens. Deficiency of sonic hedgehog affect the development of pretty much all organ systems in the body in some way.
The reason that folate is an essential vitamin, even for adults, is because folate recycles vitamin B12, which in turn is necessary for production of the bases required for DNA. Therefore, without folate or B12, cells can't divide. This is extremely important in embryos, when they are rapidly growing. In particular, the condition that folate supplementation is aiming to prevent is anencephaly, where the tissues that forms the spinal cord and vertebrae don't join properly, and the brain kind of just lolls around because there is no support.
Pretty good. Dopamine agonists are a good line of research, but for a long time the best treatment for Parkinson's was giving levo-DOPA, a dopamine precursor that would survive the gut and cross the blood-brain barrier, and get metabolized into dopamine in the brain, where it would have therapeutic effect.
Just to let you know, the difference between an artery and a vein is that an artery carries blood away from the heart, and a vein carries blood back to the heart. This is evidenced by the structural aspects of both; arteries are designed for high-pressure flow, and veins for low pressure. In fact, the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart, and the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs.
And PO Q6H PRN stands for per orally, per six hours, per requirement - information of drug dosing; in this situation, probably for some kind of pain relief, like ibuprofen or paracetamol.