Samsung Exynos Thread (big.LITTLE Octa-core)

Page 20 - Seeking answers? Join the AnandTech community: where nearly half-a-million members share solutions and discuss the latest tech.

Exophase

Diamond Member
Apr 19, 2012
4,439
9
81
How will Snapdragon 618 (2xA72+4A53) compare to 808 (2xA72+4A53)?
618 will have a slower GPU, might be slower CPU frequencies, old node, worse (ISP, other on board features).

808 is 2xA57 and it's at about the same clock speed so it'll be somewhat slower.
 
Feb 15, 2014
119
0
76
808 is 2xA57 and it's at about the same clock speed so it'll be somewhat slower.

Yeah, my bad 808 is A57, while 618 is A72. So it comes down to the lower SoC using a faster core on an older process vs the higher SoC using a slower core on a newer process.

S618 on 20nm seems like a sweet spot (28nm will also be okay) for a small high-end phone (think 2013 MotoX) with a ~4.7" 720p display. 720p shouldn't hurt GPU perf a lot compared to 1080p+, and the CPU/GPU will do just fine.

Btw, how does 4xA53 compare to 4xA7 at same speeds?(Moto E review indicates around 20% faster.) Where does A53 stand compared to old 4xKrait devices (Nexus 4 etc) and iphone 5/5S ?
 

Sweepr

Diamond Member
May 12, 2006
5,148
1,142
131
Exynos 5433/7410 vs Exynos 7420 vs Snapdragon 810 vs Kirin 930 CPU Performance Comparison

The comparison I promised, a bit late but it's here.
My scores for Exynos 5433 are under Android 5.0.2, I'm pretty sure AnandTech tested with Android 4.4.4.

Exynos 5433/7410
4x 1.9GHz Cortex A57 cores
4x 1.3GHz Cortex A53 cores big.LITTLE
Mali T760MP6 GPU
20nm

Exynos 7420
4x 2.1GHz Cortex A57 cores
4x 1.5GHz Cortex A53 cores big.LITTLE
Mali T760MP8
14nm

Snapdragon 810
4x 2.0GHz Cortex A57 cores
4x 1.5GHz Cortex A53 cores big.LITTLE
Adreno 430 GPU
20nm

Kirin 930
4x 2GHz Cortex-A53e cores
4x 1.5GHz Cortex-A53 cores big.LITTLE
Mali T628MP4 GPU
28nm

Google Octane v2



Exynos 5433


Kirin 930
4084 points (Android 5.0)

Vellamo Broswer

Exynos 5433


Exynos 7420
5463 points

Snapdragon 810
4195 points

Kirin 930
2754 points

AndEBenchPro

Exynos 5433


Device Score:

Exynos 7420
10328 Points

Snapdragon 810
7158 Points

CoreMark-HPC (Base):

Exynos 7420
4366 Points

Snapdragon 810
2296 Points

Geekbench 3

Exynos 5433


Exynos 7420
MT: 5244
ST: 1507

Snapdragon 810
MT: 3499
ST: 1163

Snapdragon 808
MT: 2532

Kirin 930
MT: 3458
ST: 864

3DMark Physics



Exynos 5433


Kirin 930
10494 points
 
Last edited:

Sweepr

Diamond Member
May 12, 2006
5,148
1,142
131
Exynos 5433/7410 vs Exynos 7420 vs Snapdragon 810 vs Kirin 930 GPU Performance Comparison

3DMark Unlimited



Exynos 5433


Kirin 930
8743 points

Strange score, Kirin 920 packs the same GPU and its score is 14.522 points.

GFXBench T-Rex Offscreen



Exynos 5433


Kirin 930
10 FPS

Once again, Kirin 920 scores 17 FPS with the same GPU.

GFXBench Manhattan



Exynos 5433


Kirin 930
5.8 FPS

Kirin 920 scores 8.7 FPS.

Basemark X High Quality



Exynos 5433


Kirin 930
5367 points

Kirin 920 scores 6710 points.

I will add newer SoCs and different benchmark results in the future.
 

lopri

Elite Member
Jul 27, 2002
13,211
597
126
Btw, how does 4xA53 compare to 4xA7 at same speeds?(Moto E review indicates around 20% faster.) Where does A53 stand compared to old 4xKrait devices (Nexus 4 etc) and iphone 5/5S ?

20% over A7 sounds reasonable for A53. A53 is faster than A9, although there are different revisions of A9s which kind of muddy the water. A53 should be faster than original Krait (Nexus 4) but not as fast as Krait 400 (S800/S801/S805).
 

Sweepr

Diamond Member
May 12, 2006
5,148
1,142
131
Samsung signs graphics technology agreement with ARM for ARM’s Mali GPUs



CAMBRIDGE, United Kingdom--(BUSINESS WIRE)--ARM has signed an expansive long-term graphics technology agreement with Samsung to enable the creation of next generation devices capable of delivering even more compelling visual experiences. The subscription license covers ARM® Mali™ graphics processing units (GPUs) including the Mali-T820/830/860, the recently announced Mali-T880 and all future Mali GPUs.

This long term contract with ARM allows Samsung to continue creating innovative products addressing a range of price and performance points to meet the evolving needs of multiple markets. Samsung is already utilizing ARM Mali technology in SoCs powering an impressive range of leading consumer products.

“The visual quality is a critical part of high-end mobile devices. The highly scalable and energy-efficient ARM Mali family gives us the flexibility we need to address a broad range of devices,” said Jae Cheol Son, senior vice president, processor development team, Samsung Electronics.

The ARM Mali GPU family is now the most popular licensable GPU IP in the world with ARM’s silicon partners shipping in excess of 550 million Mali-enabled SoCs in 2014.

“Hundreds of millions of consumers have benefited from the longstanding collaboration between Samsung and ARM,” said Mark Dickinson, general manager, media processing group, ARM. “ARM’s leadership in graphics, coupled with this long-term agreement, will enable Samsung to deliver rich and exciting user experiences to consumers on any device.”

www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150603005030/en/#.VXBETka1HVK

Samsung Galaxy S5 Neo to come with a newer Exynos processor

The Galaxy S5 Neo (SM-G903F) will feature a 5.1-inch Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, 16GB of internal storage, 2GB RAM, a 16-megapixel primary camera, and a 2,800 mAh battery, just like the original Galaxy S5. It even comes with the exact same dimensions and weight – 142 × 72.5 × 8.1 mm and 145 grams – as the original model. The only changes are the processor, the front-facing camera, and the network connectivity.

It features a brand new 64-bit octa-core Exynos 7580 processor that was leaked yesterday through GFXBench. This processor was found ticking inside an unannounced phablet from TCL, a Chinese brand that makes smartphones and various other consumer electronics. It comprises of a 64-bit octa-core CPU (most probably ARM Cortex-A53 cores) clocked at 1.6GHz, and a Mali-T720 GPU.

www.sammobile.com/2015/06/04/exclus...processor-and-an-upgraded-front-facing-camera

Galaxy Note 5 September launch accidentally confirmed by Samsung executive

A September launch of the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 was accidentally revealed by Samsung executive vice president Rhee In Jong. Rhee told investors during a conference call on Wednesday, that the company's Samsung Pay mobile payment system will be delayed. Instead of a July launch, Samsung Pay will debut in September.

What does this have to do with the next iteration of Sammy's high-end phablet? When the executive was talking about Samsung Pay, he said it would first be employed on Samsung's next high-end handset. That should be the Samsung Galaxy Note 5. Put it all together and it would seem that the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 will have a September launch. That would basically confirm current rumors that the device will be introduced during IFA 2015, which starts on September 4th. At last year's IFA, both the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 and Samsung Galaxy Note Edge were unveiled.

www.phonearena.com/news/Samsung-exe...nch-date-of-the-Samsung-Galaxy-Note-5_id70050

SiSoftware: Exynos 5433 64-bit Cortex A57/A53: Krait Killer?



With highly-optimised Neon SIMD code, the Cortex A57 that powers 5433 makes mince-meat out of the 805's Krait being between 25-67% faster despite the much lower clock speed. Qualcomm really needs to improve those SIMD units or risk being badly left behind. Naturally if the 5433 were running in ARMv8 64-bit mode the difference would be much higher.

...Again in SIMD Neon code the 5433 shows its power, beating the 805 between 14-126% similar to what we saw in the Mandelbrot tests. Naturally 5433 also supports both AES and SHA HWA but only in ARMv8 mode which needs a 64-bit OS. Here x86 does better as all instruction sets are available in both x86 and x64 unlike ARM who conveniently seems to forget about the 32-bit world.

...The financial tests generally favour the 5433 which is between 40-100% faster than the 805, except in the "tough" binomial test where the 805 is between 40-60% faster. Even in VFP code the Cortex A5X is the core to beat!

...The 5433 with its modern Cortex A5X design as well as 8-theads walks all over the 805 despite being clocked much lower - especially in SIMD (Neon) tests it is up to 2x (twice) as fast. Only in algorithms that make extensive use of shared thread data and read/modify/write it - the 805 catches a break and is faster.

Final Thoughts / Conclusions
It is not really a surprise that the latest ARMv8 64-bit 8-core Cortex A57+A53 (albeit running in 32-bit ARMv7 mode) in Exynos 5433 would dominate the ageing Krait 400-series core in Snapdragon 805 - but the latter's 40% higher clock could have thrown a few "wobblies".

Unlike earlier big.LITTLE designs, all 8-cores can be used simultaneously - but this may actually present a problem when using static work allocators as the "big" cores may wait for the "LITTLE" cores to finish - in effect having 8 little cores. We will be exploring the differences in performance when using just the "big" cores, just the "LITTLE" cores or all in a future article.

It is naturally a pity that the 5433 does not use a 64-bit Android version and thus benefit from all the ARMv8 improvements, not to mention new instruction sets like AES HWA, SHA HWA, FP64 Neon and so on. It seems that Samsung (like other vendors we may add) may never actually release a 64-bit OS/ROM for it - and thus the 5433 like other Cortex A5x SoCs are destined to run 32-bit for their whole life... Without 64-bit binary drivers there may not be a way for 3-rd party developers (modders?) to make a 64-bit OS either...

www.sisoftware.co.uk/?d=qa&f=soc_5433_cpu&l=en&a=
 
Last edited:

Sweepr

Diamond Member
May 12, 2006
5,148
1,142
131
Thermal Throttling – Which SOC’s are the Worst Offenders?

The release this year of the new Snapdragon 810 has brought a new topic firmly in to the limelight, thermal throttling.

Thermal throttling is where the SOC will lower the frequencies of its CPU and GPU components and/or switch to a set of lower power cores in order to reduce heat, allowing the device to continue operating without burning a hole through your hand.

The issue has become increasingly relevant in recent years as consumer’s appetites for thin devices grow and they get ever smaller and in the process, leave less room for heat to dissipate. Not only this but the growing need for more power in the palm of our hands requires pushing our devices harder for longer, 4K video and equally high resolution gaming being two of the biggest culprits.







www.mobiledroid.co.uk/blog/thermal-throttling-which-socs-are-worst
 

ShintaiDK

Lifer
Apr 22, 2012
20,378
145
106
I am surprised how much the 14nm Exynos throttles. Its not much higher clocked than the 20nm part.

But Qualcomm wins that race
 

Nothingness

Platinum Member
Jul 3, 2013
2,766
1,424
136
Am I understanding right? This guy picked all the scores of Geekbench and GFX Bench, and assumes that worse scores are due to throttling? If so, that doesn't sound like a correct way to measure throttling as there are many reasons for score variance (multitasking for instance). Just do the same with 4770K and see what this method "shows"...
 

SirCanealot

Member
Jan 12, 2013
87
1
71
I am surprised how much the 14nm Exynos throttles. Its not much higher clocked than the 20nm part.

But Qualcomm wins that race

If you read Andrei's deep dive on the main page, he comments that he thinks the SOC would have been able to give much better performance over time if it wasn't clocked at 2.1ghz: 1.9ghz or so is a chunk more efficient.
 

Andrei.

Senior member
Jan 26, 2015
316
386
136
If you read Andrei's deep dive on the main page, he comments that he thinks the SOC would have been able to give much better performance over time if it wasn't clocked at 2.1ghz: 1.9ghz or so is a chunk more efficient.
I didn't say that, I just said power consumption would have been lower with minor performance hit. Perf over time is sustained perf and there's very little use-cases where the CPU would need to do that and throttle. The 7420 sustains max single-thread perf forever so don't take those heavy throttling numbers too much to heart.
 

Exophase

Diamond Member
Apr 19, 2012
4,439
9
81
Am I understanding right? This guy picked all the scores of Geekbench and GFX Bench, and assumes that worse scores are due to throttling? If so, that doesn't sound like a correct way to measure throttling as there are many reasons for score variance (multitasking for instance). Just do the same with 4770K and see what this method "shows"...

I agree, the methodology for this article sucks. GB scores have always been known to be extremely erratic. It's a poor assumption that the worse scores are due to throttling because most users aren't going to run the benchmark in a tight loop. There are a lot of other variables that will affect score even if the device is controlled. I know of several devices where peak app performance gets worse and worse every Android update as the power management becomes more aggressive. That can also impacted by user profile settings and whether or not the device is plugged in.

Nothingness said:
As I wrote above, the approach used to get these numbers seems utterly wrong.

Note that's just the approach this article used. Other sites like AnandTech have actually run the test back to back to observe performance degradation over time, and I'm sure Andrei is referring to experimental experience with this.

This is often called throttling, unless you're Intel where it's called turbo boost and is a feature. The important factor is in how well the performance is actually regulated. For example, in S810s the single threaded score gets throttled down as much as the multithreaded one, despite the multithreaded bench using much more power than the singlethreaded one. So whatever it's using as control looks much too simplistic, just a global "won't let CPUs clock higher than X" it seems. I expect a much more complex closed loop control aimed at keeping temperature down, but also using power consumption to predict temperature since temperature changes so slowly. It looks like Samsung is doing much better than Qualcomm here.

While we're on the topic of terrible methodologies to talk about throttling, there was this article and ones like it:

http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/04/qualcomms-snapdragon-808-doesnt-get-so-hot-under-the-collar/

Observing a lowering clock speed over time is not necessarily evidence of throttling, especially when you know you're running a load that doesn't sustain peak utilization of the CPU cores.
 

Nothingness

Platinum Member
Jul 3, 2013
2,766
1,424
136
Note that's just the approach this article used. Other sites like AnandTech have actually run the test back to back to observe performance degradation over time, and I'm sure Andrei is referring to experimental experience with this.
Oh I thought Andrei was referring to the link Sweepr posted, which is the one that I'm criticizing, not Andrei's work.
 

Sweepr

Diamond Member
May 12, 2006
5,148
1,142
131
2 days late, sorry Andrei.
Great article, especially the Exynos 5433 vs Exynos 7420 comparisons.

The Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive - Inside A Modern 14nm SoC

Samsung’s Exynos 7420 is a major stepping stone for Samsung LSI. While on a functional and IP basis the chipset hasn’t seen substantial differentiation from its predecessor, it’s on the actual physical implementation and manufacturing process that the new SoC has raised the bar.

On the CPU side of things, we saw some performance improvements due to slightly higher clocks and what seems to be a better cache implementation, especially the big CPU cluster. Equally on the big cluster Samsung has played it safe and has gone for power efficiency rather than aiming for maximum achievable clocks. ARM’s Cortex A57 in the Exynos 5433 was already overshooting performance over its direct competitor, the Snapdragon 805, so there was no need for the Exynos 7420 to push the clocks much higher. And this is a good design decision for the new SoC as both maximum power as well as power efficiency have improved by a lot. With the new part now using 35-45% less power at equal frequencies it now has the required TDP and efficiency to be placed in thin smartphones such as the Galaxy S6.

I think Samsung could have even gotten away in performance benchmarks by keeping the chip at up to only 1.9GHz to keep power consumption below the 1W per core mark. This would have slightly improved efficiency on high loads as the small 10% performance degradation would have been worth the 26% power improvement.

On the GPU side of things we saw sort of a two-sided story; The good side is that the Exynos 7420’s Mali T760MP8 combined with the 14nm process not only makes this the fastest SoC we’ve seen in a smartphone but also currently the most efficient one that we measured. The bad side of the story is that while it’s the most efficient SoC, the performance and power again overshoots the sustainable TDP of the phone as it will inevitably thermal throttle to lower frequency states during active usage. Over the last few generations this issue grew worse and worse as semiconductor vendors and OEMs tried to boost their competitive position in benchmark scoreboards.


...The Galaxy S6 with the Exynos 7420 is among the first wave of devices to feature LPDDR4 memory. While the performance improvement was nothing ground-breaking, with the boost coming at an average 18-20% in GFXBench, it’s mostly the efficiency that should have the biggest impact on a device’s experience. While I wasn’t able to fully quantize this advantage during measurement due to the complexity of the task, the theoretical gains show that improvements in daily use-cases should be substantial.

Overall, the big question is how good the Exynos 7420 finally is. The verdict on a SoC vastly depends on the competing alternative options available at the time. For the better part of 2015 this will most likely be Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 810 and to a lesser part the Snapdragon 808. In this piece I was already able to show GPU numbers of the S810 and the results unfortunately showed no improvement over the Snapdragon 805, which the Exynos 7420 already beats both in performance and power. While I already have CPU numbers for the 810, we weren’t quite ready to include these in this piece as they’ll warrant a more in-depth look in a separate article. Readers who have already read our review of the HTC M9 will already know what to expect as the SoC just wasn’t able to perform as promised, and I can confirm that the efficiency disadvantage relative to the Exynos 7420 is significant.

Ultimately, this leaves the Exynos 7420 without real competition. Samsung was able to hit it out of the park with the new 14nm design and subsequently leapfrogged competing solutions. For the near future, the Exynos 7420 comfortably stands alone above other Android-targeted designs as it sets the new benchmark for what a 2015 SoC should be.

www.anandtech.com/show/9330/exynos-7420-deep-dive
 
Last edited:

Sweepr

Diamond Member
May 12, 2006
5,148
1,142
131
Got to say I'm a bit disappointed that Samsung sticked with Exynos 7420 for the Galaxy Note 5. Months after the Galaxy S6, bigger chassis and not even a clockspeed bump, seriously?

Can't believe it's the same company that was the first to adopt Cortex A57+A53 almost a year ago and has been at the top of the big.LITTLE game for years. As a Galaxy Note 4 (Exynos 5433) owner I'll wait for the Galaxy Note 6.

The competition is about to launch some impressive SoCs.

Apple A9 leak
Geekbench 3 single-core: 2090 points
Geekbench 3 multi-core: 3569 points
GFXBench T-Rex offscreen: 66 FPS
GFXBench Manhattan offscreen: 30.3 FPS

Huawei Kirin 950 leak (2.4GHz quad-core Cortex A72 + quad-core Cortex A53)
Geekbench 3 mingle-core: 1,909 points
Geekbench 3 multi-core: 6,096 points

LG NUNCLUN 2 (2.1GHz quad-core Cortex A72 + 1.5GHz quad-core Cortex A53 @ TSCM 16nm FInFET)
Geekbench 3 single-core: 1796
Geekbench 3 multi-core: 5392
Same clocks as Exynos 7420 but using the new Cortex A72 cores. Not very impressive advantage but should get better closer to launch.

Exynos 7420
Geekbench 3 single-core: ~1500 points
Geekbench 3 multi-core: ~5400 points
GFXBench T-Rex offscreen: 59.2 FPS
GFXBench Manhattan offscreen: 26 FPS

Apple A8 (iPhone 6+)
Geekbench 3 single-core: ~1630 points
Geekbench 3 multi-core: ~2930 points
GFXBench T-Rex offscreen: ~45 FPS
GFXBench Manhattan offscreen: ~20 FPS

Not a massive improvement from 14nm Apple A9 but enough to put some pressure on Samsung. Looks like a 20-30% CPU and 50% GPU performance increase.

On the plus side, scores for Samsung's future SoC packing Mongoose cores and Mali T880 are really impressive (Galaxy S7?).



Rumoured 2.4GHz CPU clock. Not sure if there's any CPU performance info there, can't read chinese, anyone?
Top notch graphics performance, almost double rumoured Apple A9 @ GFXBench Manhattan offscreen.

GFXBench T-Rex offscreen: 108.9 FPS
GFXBench Manhattan offscreen: 59.4 FPS
 
Last edited:

witeken

Diamond Member
Dec 25, 2013
3,899
193
106
Still interesting that everyone is making their own SoC, which means that no CPU company makes good enough SoCs that it stops being interesting for OEMs to make their own SoCs. Intel has such an opportunity to convert everyone to IA, but Atom simply isn't good enough. And with 10nm delayed, a potential Cannonlake phone SoC is far away.
 

dawheat

Diamond Member
Sep 14, 2000
3,132
93
91
Got to say I'm a bit disappointed that Samsung sticked with Exynos 7420 for the Galaxy Note 5. Months after the Galaxy S6, bigger chassis and not even a clockspeed bump, seriously?

I do think Samsung is coasting a bit mostly b/c there isn't a better Android SOC in 2015. The Note 5 being released basically a month earlier could also be part of the reason - it's just 4 months after the release of the S6.

Next year does look very interesting from a performance standpoint and the Mongoose SOC looks competitive. Efficiency will likely be the deciding factor between those options.
 

Hans de Vries

Senior member
May 2, 2008
321
1,018
136
www.chip-architect.com
On the plus side, scores for Samsung's future SoC packing Mongoose cores and Mali T880 are really impressive (Galaxy S7?).

Rumoured 2.4GHz CPU clock. Not sure if there's any CPU performance info there, can't read chinese, anyone?

For what it is worth:

超劲爆!!三星下一代处理器“猫鼬”最新跑分曝光!四核心版本2.4GHz,Geekbench跑分正常模式下:单线程2136,多线程7497。省电模 式:单1698,多5263。超级省电模式:单1323,多3489。省电模式战平苹果A8,超级省电模式战平骁龙810,Galaxy S7会用上吗? @我用第三人称 @肥威
Google's translation:

Super Best! ʱ?? Samsung's next-generation processor "Mongoose" The latest run sub-exposure! Quad-core version of the 2.4GHz, Geekbench run sub-normal mode: 2136 single-threaded, multi-threaded 7497. Power-saving modes: Single 1698, more than 5263. Super power saving modes: Single 1323, more than 3489. Saving mode draw apple A8, super power-saving mode draw Xiaolong 810, Galaxy S7 will spend it? @ I third person @ fat Granville
 
sale-70-410-exam    | Exam-200-125-pdf    | we-sale-70-410-exam    | hot-sale-70-410-exam    | Latest-exam-700-603-Dumps    | Dumps-98-363-exams-date    | Certs-200-125-date    | Dumps-300-075-exams-date    | hot-sale-book-C8010-726-book    | Hot-Sale-200-310-Exam    | Exam-Description-200-310-dumps?    | hot-sale-book-200-125-book    | Latest-Updated-300-209-Exam    | Dumps-210-260-exams-date    | Download-200-125-Exam-PDF    | Exam-Description-300-101-dumps    | Certs-300-101-date    | Hot-Sale-300-075-Exam    | Latest-exam-200-125-Dumps    | Exam-Description-200-125-dumps    | Latest-Updated-300-075-Exam    | hot-sale-book-210-260-book    | Dumps-200-901-exams-date    | Certs-200-901-date    | Latest-exam-1Z0-062-Dumps    | Hot-Sale-1Z0-062-Exam    | Certs-CSSLP-date    | 100%-Pass-70-383-Exams    | Latest-JN0-360-real-exam-questions    | 100%-Pass-4A0-100-Real-Exam-Questions    | Dumps-300-135-exams-date    | Passed-200-105-Tech-Exams    | Latest-Updated-200-310-Exam    | Download-300-070-Exam-PDF    | Hot-Sale-JN0-360-Exam    | 100%-Pass-JN0-360-Exams    | 100%-Pass-JN0-360-Real-Exam-Questions    | Dumps-JN0-360-exams-date    | Exam-Description-1Z0-876-dumps    | Latest-exam-1Z0-876-Dumps    | Dumps-HPE0-Y53-exams-date    | 2017-Latest-HPE0-Y53-Exam    | 100%-Pass-HPE0-Y53-Real-Exam-Questions    | Pass-4A0-100-Exam    | Latest-4A0-100-Questions    | Dumps-98-365-exams-date    | 2017-Latest-98-365-Exam    | 100%-Pass-VCS-254-Exams    | 2017-Latest-VCS-273-Exam    | Dumps-200-355-exams-date    | 2017-Latest-300-320-Exam    | Pass-300-101-Exam    | 100%-Pass-300-115-Exams    |
http://www.portvapes.co.uk/    | http://www.portvapes.co.uk/    |