No, you did your calculations correct. However, you did not prove math wrong. You did show that you lack an understand of calculus and nonlinear functions, but that is OK... many people do.
While your rate of volume increase is constant, this does not mean the rate of increase in the length of a side of the cube (x) is constant. You used calculus to find the instantaneous rate of increase in x with increase in volume. So, when x=20, dx/dt = 1. However, what happens when x=21? dx/dt = 0.907. So, as V increases, x also increases, but dx/dt decreases.
When you computed "dx/dt" using your method, you made a large discrete step in time. You did not, in fact, compute dx/dt. You computed "delta x"/"delta t". dx/dt changed from a value of 1 to a value less than 1 over the course of your time step, hence the difference in the results.
R