But there's also the economic cost. Outside of massive centralization via pre-mine (which some tokens like Solana do have), it's going to be very costly to accumulate half of the circulating supply on any token that's been established for a few years now with an outstanding market cap around $1B. On top of that, the attack itself needs top be economically successful too. It's a "soft barrier", but it is one nonetheless. When you speak of entities that control Bitcoin or Ethereum, you can't ignore their own potential financial destruction for a bad move. We actually saw this play out with Bitmain back in... I forget when, 2017? They became a hostile actor (and a massive one) towards the Bitcoin network, threatening to fork, kill Bitcoin, etc. And what happened? Bitmain eventually gave in, and Bitcoin continued on with SegWit. (and BitcoinCash spun off, and has never even remotely come close to replacing Bitcoin)
I just often hear "Oh I want to invest in the blockchain technology, so I buy xx cryptocurrency", and my point was just that if you want to invest in the technology, you will have to find a company that actually has that as their business and buy into it, if possible. Not buy cryptocurrency to invest in the blockchain technology.
Cryptos are used to pay for the transactions on their networks. So if the technology is growing and more people are using the networks, more tokens are required for payments for that usage. So to "invest in the technology" is to just that: you're investing in the growth and usage of the network which could be from something as stupid as users trading JPEG NFTs to more serious use cases like companies issuing tokens that are functionally the same as stocks.
If you in invest in a successful company, you're going to see far more ROI then of what effect of impact that company may have on increased network usage (and thus increase in value of the token). The dynamic is analogous to investing in individual stocks versus ETFs. But that requires far more effort and research, so don't expect anyone here to pull that off. They'll just claim that company is part of the ponzi-scheme that's going on in their heads.