The labor force contracted by 152,000 in August, and there was also a significant jump of 214,000 in the number of those not in the labor force who say they currently want a job. The average annual growth rate of the labor force this year has been 0.5%, about half that of last year (1.1%).
An even larger deceleration occurred among so-called prime-age workers , those adults age 25-54 who are most likely to be in the job market, dropping from 1.6% last year to 0.5% this year. Since March 2001, their participation rate in the labor force is down 1.3 percentage points, a highly unusual occurrence this far along in a business cycle. In fact, averaging over all past recessions/recoveries, the participation rate of prime-age workers has been up 1.2 percentage points, almost the same amount it has fallen in the current case.
Given these dynamics, a central question is whether employment is now growing fast enough to absorb the considerable slack left over in the labor market from the recession and jobless recovery. For this to occur, payrolls need to grow fast enough to accomplish two goals. First, simply to keep the unemployment rate from rising, the economy needs to provide enough job openings for those entering and re-entering the job market. Obviously, this is not a challenge in months like August, when the labor force contracts. In fact, employment growth in the Household Survey, from which unemployment data are derived, was up only 21,000 last month; unemployment, however, still fell due to the labor force decline. Second, the economy needs to provide enough jobs so that those who were laid off or left a previous job can be rehired.
The estimates of monthly growth needed range from about 125,000 to 150,000 to meet the first goal, and significantly more than that to reach the second. Thus, given the fact that payrolls have been expanding at around 100,000 per month over the past few months, it is not surprising that the unemployment rate has been largely unchanged. The labor market needs at least twice that average to make significant progress against remaining labor slack, especially once the labor force begins to grow apace again.