the timeline of this particular flare-up was
1) Israeli Courts evicted a number of Arab families from their homes in Jerusalem;
2) Arabs protested this, because it was an occupied area;
3) Israeli security forces cracked down on the protests HARD, tear gassing and stun grenading worshipers in one of the bigger mosques in Jerusalem;
4) Hamas fires a small number of rockets, all of them get intercepted by the Iron Dome;
5) Israel starts bombing Gaza (not Jerusalem, which is a few hundred km away);
6) Hamas fires even more rockets (1,000+ ). A few of them get through the Iron Dome;
7) Lots of fighting, Israeli ground troops deploying
If I may:
1) Israeli Courts evicted a number of Arab families from their homes in Jerusalem; (Specifically Sheikh Jarrah. There are questions of title that go back to the Ottoman Empire. The ownership of these particular homes is before the Israeli courts. Generally, the tenants are allowed to stay if they will pay rent. These tenants dispute ownership and either didn't or now won't pay rent. The residents say they're being harassed out before the decision comes down, or expect a negative decision.)
2) Arabs protested this, because it was an occupied area; (Kinda, Jews are the undisputed owners of some properties in East Jerusalem. However, it's the disputed ownership and perceived/actual unfairness of the Israeli courts that is a big part. There's also some sort of a "Jerusalem Day march" for Israelis coming up which did plan to route through traditionally Muslim neighbourhoods, which is seen as a provocation.)
3) Israeli security forces cracked down on the protests HARD, tear gassing and stun grenading worshipers in one of the bigger mosques in Jerusalem; (al-Aqsa, third most important mosque in the world to muslims, arguably.)
4) Hamas fires a small number of rockets, all of them get intercepted by the Iron Dome; (fired from Gaza, which they control. They don't control East Jerusalem or the West Bank.)
5) Israel starts bombing Gaza (not Jerusalem, which is a few hundred km away);
6) Hamas fires even more rockets (1,000+ ). A few of them get through the Iron Dome; (hard to say what "gets through" Iron Dome because they don't attempt to intercept everything, only if Iron Dome thinks it's going to strike a populated area. Many Hamas missiles are also duds and actually land in Gaza.)
7) Lots of fighting, Israeli ground troops deploying (deploying to the area, no evidence of an actual ground invasion yet.)