So it is possible to get five total satellites up in the first month in Classic Ironman. Here's what you do:
1. Under no circumstances use explosives during the first three missions. You'll want every piece of scrap possible.
2. Build your initial base in Europe which gives you a 50% cost reduction in workshops.
3. Immediately excavate the block to the right of your lift. Choose either weapon fragments or alien materials as your first research project. Do not choose Xeno-biology.
4. Don't buy anything, including medkits.
5. The first alien abduction mission must come before the 8th of the month. Choose the mission that gives you engineers. This will also unlock workshops. Build a workshop in the newly excavated cavern. This will give you the 10 engineers needed by the 17th to build a satellite uplink before the end of the month.
6. The first alien shootdown must come before the 11th of the month. You should have 90 bucks in the bank. You need 308 to build 4 satellites and another 150 to build the uplink. Therefore the magic number is 368. Sell off loot on the gray market to get to 368. That's why you don't research Xeno-biology. It costs you 20 bucks in corpses.
7. IF you have between 218 and 368 on the 11th, you can TRY to build the four satellites and hope that you get the council mission by the 17th. Then you can also hope that you get enough money out of that to build your uplink. This is really rolling the dice, but it can happen. There's usually only 40 bucks or so of loot on this mission. However, sometimes the reward is cash itself.
If you can manage all this, you can get America, Russia and two 100 buck countries starting on the second month.
Now mind you that this is not quite as awesome as it sounds. First, you've still got to build three more sats and an uplink in the second month. Second, you've skipped over building a power supply and an officer training school. This means your going to be well into your second month before you unlock your fifth squad member. You will be at zero surplus energy after building your uplink, so you'll have no choice to build a power supply and it will have to be right next to your workshop or uplink. You won't even be able to build a lift. Third, sats are useful to manage high panic countries. The sooner you cover a country, the harder it will be to manage their panic in the long run. If something goes amiss in the US or Russia in month two or three, you're not going to have an option of launching a satellite to make them happier.
Still, I think it's a good start if you can make it happen. I've been able to get it to work twice now, including the game I'm playing now. Unfortunately, I have the worst steam setup possible, so I'm trying to figure out how to get my thermos up. But at least I've got cash.