I would imagine that it's not difficult to mod an off the shelf design with a more powerful motor. However, just like "souping up" a car, putting more ponies under the hood with disregard to power train (transaxle, u-joints, rear, etc.) often results in a disappointment or even a crash.
Exceeding the RPM design is dangerous, that blade can shatter and tangentially launch the blades at great speed piercing the jar (if poly) or shattering if glass which you don't want for sure.
Most coupling mechanisms between the jar bottom and the motor end on the bottom will be limited particularly in the bargain bin designs. The serious blenders can take it but if you spend half a kilobuck on a (real) blender you're not going to mod it anyhow...
That said, if you're handy, a good place to look for a high speed motor would be one of those newer designed washing machines. Those motors can take serious over volting and put out impressive power.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaRydtOvbLI
Just make sure the blades and transmission can handle it. You should not be required to wear kevlar when making a smoothie! :biggrin:
A human powered blender sounds about as fun as pedaling a moped.