chess9, no, AFAIK, there has never been a study done that accurately supports either position. I am simply using facts that are out there to support my opinion.
Maybe I'll have time to dig up some hard numbers when I get home from work, but for now:
The population of inner-city blacks under the poverty level has been increasing for some time. Common sense tells me that the programs designed to help these people are not doing their job. The population of middle-class blacks, overall, has been increasing steadily for two decades, though, which does lend some support to AA. Again, I am not debating the merits of that kind of program. I am only stating that the people AA has been designed to help the most are the ones being left behind.
The state of California determined the same when it decided to eliminate all raced-based preferences for college admissions. Part of the reasoning was that AA for college admission did no more than give an unfair advantage to middle-class blacks, while those that actually needed the assistance were being ignored. Remember, that change was spearheaded by a black man, so accusations of white superiority are totally unfounded.
<< The point I was making is an oblique reference to Classy's thoroughly correct notion that Powell is not seen as a leader in the black community. >>
That the black community does not see him as a leader is a pretty poor argument. IMAO, he is the best kind of leader anyone can have. Rather than emulate a true role model who gained the respect of millions through his integrity and hard work, they choose to rally behind a loud-mouthed jackass, who's only concern is his place in the spotlight. "True black leaders" are the ones that alienate those who would otherwise be supportive, and do more to hurt the cause of equality than advance it.