I also had Windows protection error caused by a faulty CPU,it took me a long time to find this out first I thought it was ram,then harddrive,etc anyway I could not even reinstall the OS with BSOD or lockups & yes Windows protection error ,anyway I took it to a repair shop lucky the CPU was under warranty & was replaced free of charge(it was not overclocked).
Normally I would say a messed up harddrive,Faulty hardware will cause Windows protection error,btw I never had Windows protection error before & I`ve being using PC`s for over 7 years.