i think it would. deconstruction necessarily means death, even if the "information" transferred to the new you resulted in a subatomically identical state.
the only way travel like this would not be fatal to the real you would be via an actual portal through extradimensional space, similar to a worm tunneling through an apple.
... would it? It depends on the script of whatever fantasy world this is set in. Because teleporters do not exist in real life.
A teleporter would be constituted of two machines both of which have unrealistic expectations of efficiency even without knowing how they would work:
1. something that breaks down a thing into its molecular structure
2. something that composes a thing out of molecules.
AND, should we actually expect it to transport things
3. a way of moving said particles from one point to another.
Not only none of these exist, or are likely to be feasible in a - speculatory - future; but (3) would still need to follow the same rules of physics as normal matter. And (1) and (2) would not only need to analyze a thing, but the very states of the matter contained within. The idea that we could build a machine that simultaneously controls the states (spin, charge, etc) of all atoms in a human body is .. not directly contravening any rule of physics, but implied to be impossible by our understanding of chaos. Too many factors for this reality.
Also, there is no need for (1) if you have (2). You would not necessarily need to break into atoms something to recreate it. You could easily enough build yourself a Capt Kirk out of houseplants and discarded food tins. Heck, you can have a dozen.
If by teleporter you mean just (3), something that shifts a thing whole, from point A to point B, that depends on what technology is used. I cannot see any suggestion in modern physics that any sort of wormhole could exist.
(i dont do this to be annoying. I believe it is counterproductive to think of things as *science* if there is no science that suggests that one day they could be real; quantum entanglement yes, FTL travel no. FYI if you have read the recent "FTL WORKS!" articles .. it doesn't)
obligatory Spaceballs reference